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The perfect in English always links two time periods. 学び始める
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The present perfect links the past to the present in the following ways: Time up to now Recent events Ongoing situation
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We've met before. Have you seen Jo this week? 学び始める
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a completed action or experience that happened at some point in the past before now, e.g. in my life, this year, today. The exact time it happened is not specified.
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No coffee for me, thanks. I've already had one. I've lost my phone. Has anyone seen it? 学び始める
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a completed action which has a present result or is in some other way relevant to the present. The exact time it happened is not specified.
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How long have you been on Twitter? I've swum every morning since May. 学び始める
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an uncompleted state or repeated action that started in the past and continues up to now.
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I lived in Lisbon for 5 years / I've lived in Lisbon for 5 years. 学び始める
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Past simple: used to speak about finished actions in the past/ present perfect: it links the past to the present.
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I had coffee this morning / I've already had coffee this morning. 学び始める
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finished period / not finished period
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Time phrases to talk about the past - Present perfect: 学び始める
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just, already, not yet, ever, recently, lately, since, so far, up to now, until now, over the last year, still not.
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Time phrases to talk about the past - Past simple: 学び始める
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yesterday, ago, this time last week, on Thursday, on 12th May, last week / month / year / winter, when I was younger, until then.
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Time phrases to talk about the past - Both (Present Perfect and Past Simple): 学び始める
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never, always, for, before, in the summer, today, this morning / afternoon (depending on whether the period is finished or not)
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You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: 学び始める
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yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Brazil, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.
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We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: 学び始める
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ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
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I (see) that movie twenty times. 学び始める
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I have seen that movie twenty times.
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There (be) many earthquakes in California. 学び始める
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There have been many earthquakes in California.
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People (travel) to the Moon. 学び始める
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People have traveled to the Moon.
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People (travel, not) to Mars. 学び始める
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People have not traveled to Mars.
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Have you read the book yet?
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Nobody (climb, ever) that mountain. 学び始める
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Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
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(be, ever) there a war in the United States? 学び始める
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Has there ever been a war in the United States?
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Yes, there (be) a war in the United States. 学び始める
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Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
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How do you actually use the Present Perfect? experience, change over time, accomplishments, an uncompleted action you are expecting, multiple actions at different times. 学び始める
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The concept of 'unspecified time' can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: experience, change over time, accomplishments, an uncompleted action you are expecting, multiple actions at different times.
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学び始める
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You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
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I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
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I (be) to France three times. 学び始める
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I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
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I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
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I think I (see) that movie before. 学び始める
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I think I have seen that movie before.
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He (never, travel) by train. 学び始める
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He has never traveled by train.
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Joan (study) two foreign languages. 学び始める
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Joan has studied two foreign languages.
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Topic 2: Change over time 学び始める
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We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
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You (grow) since the last time I saw you. 学び始める
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You have grown since the last time I saw you.
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The government (become) more interested in arts education. 学び始める
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The government has become more interested in arts education.
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Japanese (become) one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. 学び始める
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Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
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My English (really, improve) since I moved to Ireland. 学び始める
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My English has really improved since I moved to Ireland.
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We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and the humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
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Man has walked on the Moon.
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Our son (learn) how to read. 学び始める
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Our son has learned how to read.
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Doctors (cure) many deadly diseases. 学び始める
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Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
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Scientists (split) the atom. 学び始める
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Scientists have split the atom.
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Topic 4: An uncompleted action you are expecting 学び始める
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We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
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James (not, finish) his homework yet. 学び始める
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James has not finished his homework yet.
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Susan (not, master) Japanese, but she can communicate. 学び始める
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Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
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Bill (still, not, arrive). 学び始める
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Bill has still not arrived.
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Topic 5: Multiple actions at different times 学び始める
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We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
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The army (attack) that city five times. 学び始める
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The army has attacked that city five times.
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I (have) four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. 学び始める
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I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
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We (have) many major problems while working on this project. 学び始める
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We have had many major problems while working on this project.
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She (talk) to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. 学び始める
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She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
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Present perfect: use 1 and use 2. 学び始める
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USE 1- Unspecified time before now. USE 2 Duration from the past until now (non-continuous verbs)
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USE 2- Duration from the past until now (non-continuous verbs) 学び始める
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With non-continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now.
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'For five minutes', 'for two weeks', and 'since Tuesday' are all durations which can be used with 学び始める
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work, teach, and study are sometimes used 学び始める
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work, teach, and study are sometimes used with Present Perfect, even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
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I (have) a cold for two weeks. 学び始める
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I have had a cold for two weeks.
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She (be) in England for six months. 学び始める
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She has been in England for six months.
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Mary (love) chocolate since she was a little girl. 学び始める
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Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
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Adverbe placement: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc 学び始める
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Exemples: You have only seen that movie one time. Have you only seen that movie one time?
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Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists.
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Time expressions with Present Perfect 学び始める
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When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
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Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: 学び始める
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in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
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(you, be) to Mexico in the last year? 学び始める
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Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
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I (see) that movie six times in the last month. 学び始める
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I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
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They (have) three tests in the last week. 学び始める
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They have had three tests in the last week.
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She graduated from university less than three years ago. She (work) for three different companies so far. 学び始める
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She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
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My car (break) down three times this week. 学び始める
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My car has broken down three times this week.
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Last year and in the last year are very different in meaning. 学び始める
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Last year means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple past. In the last year means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
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We use the present perfect to talk about I've cleaned my shoes. (So they're clean now.) Mr Green has bought a new car. (So it's his car now.) Joanna hasn't eaten any toast. (The toast is still on the table.) Have you finished the housework? No, I haven't. I'm still doing it. 学び始める
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the present result of a past action.
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We use the present perfect to talk about I've just written that letter. 学び始める
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something that happened only a short time ago (... just...)
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We use the present perfect to talk about You haven't posted the letter yet. Have you found those stamps yet? No, not yet. 学び始める
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an action that we are expecting (... yet)
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We use the present perfect to talk about Have you seen Sarah today? No, I haven't. I haven't seen her this week. 学び始める
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something that happened during a period of time that is not yet finished (... today... this week)
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We use the present perfect to talk about How long has Ann lived here? Oh, only for six months. She's been here since April. 学び始める
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something that began in the past and has stayed the same up to the present (... for six months... since April)
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We use the present perfect to talk about Have you ever eaten rabbit? Yes, lots of times. Well, I've never had it. 学び始める
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something that happened during a period of time which began in the past and has gone on up to the present (... ever... never...)
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