23. The business cycle

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学び始める

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質問		答え
downturn 学び始める		a decline in economic activity
upturn 学び始める		an increase in economic activity
expectation oczekiwania, wymagania 学び始める		beliefs about what will happen in the future
consumption 学び始める		purchasing and using goods and services
gross domestic product 学び始める		the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
balance of payment 学び始める		is a statement of all transactions made between entities in one country and the rest of the world over a defined period, such as a quarter or a year.
demand 学び始める		the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services
supply 学び始める		the willingness and ability of businesses to offer goods and services for sale
save 学び始める		to keep money so that you can use it in the future
equilibrium 学び始める		a state of balance, for example when supply is the same as demand
deficit 学び始める		an amount of money that is smaller than is needed
surplus nadmiar 学び始める		an excess: a quantity that is larger than is needed
fiscal policy 学び始める		government actions concerning taxation and public expenditure działania rządu dotyczące podatków i wydatków publicznych
monetary policy 学び始める		government or central bank actions concerning the rate of growth of the money in circulation działania rządu lub banku centralnego dotyczące tempa wzrostu pieniądza w obiegu
money supply podaż pieniądza 学び始める		the total amount of money available in an economy at a particular time
keynesianism 学び始める		the economic theory that government monetary and fiscal policy should stimulate business activity and increase employment in a recession
business cycle 学び始める		a period during which a country's economy goes from growth to recession (= a time when business conditions are bad) and back to growth

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