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Read the text about how trends spread. What is the main idea of the text? 学び始める
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Main idea: that the best way to explain a trend is as something that spreads like an epidemic or virus.
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学び始める
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and find the words that complete the phrases in bold.
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When trends suddenly become popular, they take (?) 学び始める
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When trends suddenly become popular, they take off. take off: Increase fast in success/popularity
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When a product goes out of fashion, it has lost its (?). 学び始める
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When a product goes out of fashion, it has lost its appeal.
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One way that fashions spread is they capture the (?). 学び始める
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One way that fashions spread is they capture the imagination. they capture the imagination
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When people identify with something, it strikes a (?) people identify with something 学び始める
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When people identify with something, it strikes a chord.
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When a product or trend is suddenly popular, we say it become the latest (?) 学び始める
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When a product or trend is suddenly popular, we say it become the latest thing. it becomes the latest thing (can also say craze)
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When something is popular for just a short time, we say it's just a passing (?) popular for just a short time 学び始める
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When something is popular for just a short time, we say it's just a passing trend/fad. it's just passing trend (can also say fad)
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When there is more of something now than before, we say the number has (?) there is more of something now than before 学び始める
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When there is more of something now than before, we say the number has risen.
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When something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it, it spreads by word of (?) something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it 学び始める
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When something becomes trendy because people tell each other about it, it spreads by word of mouth. it spreads by word of mouth
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Listen to people describing how two trends started 学び始める
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and answer the questions.
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What trends do they talk about? 学び始める
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wearing trousers below the hip, and showing underwear; reality TV shows
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How did the trends started? A trend that started in prison a few years ago, may as well earn you a place in prison nowadays. Now isn't that ironic? 学び始める
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in US prisons, because belts weren't allowed; early programmes in the 1970s and 80s.
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How/Why did the trends spread? 学び始める
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through rappers such as Ice T; through programmes such as Big Brother and Pop Idol.
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Read the expressions below 学び始める
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for describing cause and effect
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cause | informal and neutral 学び始める
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it all started... it originated in/from... it's because of...
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学び始める
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it has its origins/roots in... it can be traced back/attributed to... it stems from...
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effect | informal and neutral 学び始める
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it led to... it has caused... Because of this...
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学び始める
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it resulted in... it gave rise to... it brought about...
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The Second World War gave (?) to the term "The First World War". Impossible? No. It's all because "retronym". 学び始める
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The Second World War gave rise to the term "The First World War". Impossible? No. It's all because "retronym".
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A "retronym" is a word invented for an object/concept whose original name has gone out of date. 学び始める
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Retronyms are invented because new developments change the way we perceive the world.
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The term "The First World War" can be traced (?) to 1939. 学び始める
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The term "The First World War" can be traced back to 1939.
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Before that date, nobody knew there would be a World War II, 学び始める
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and World War I had, until then, been called "The Great War".
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Another example is the guitar. 学び始める
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All guitars used to be acoustic.
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The invention of the electric guitar (?) to the term "acoustic guitar". 学び始める
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The invention of the electric guitar led to the term "acoustic guitar".
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Similarly, nobody said "black and white TV" before the invention of colour TV (?) in the need for the term. (developed/resulted/traced) 学び始める
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Similarly, nobody said "black and white TV" before the invention of colour TV resulted in the need for the term.
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Many retronyms (?) from modern technology. 学び始める
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Many retronyms stem from modern technology.
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The invention of laptops brought (?) the term "desktop computer" 学び始める
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The invention of laptops brought about the term "desktop computer"
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and the proliferation of mobile phones resulted (?) the word "landline". 学び始める
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and the proliferation of mobile phones resulted in the word "landline".
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The word "retronym" is (?) to Frank Mankiewicz, an American journalist. (attributed/given/caused) 学び始める
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The word "retronym" is attributed to Frank Mankiewicz, an American journalist.
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Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. 学び始める
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Change the verb tenses as necessary.
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Reggae comes from Jamaica. 学び始める
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Reggae has its roots in Jamaica.
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The Mohican haircut, in the UK, was originally from the punk era. 学び始める
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The Mohican haircut, in the UK, has its origins in the punk era.
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Technology has led to new types of crime, such as hacking. 学び始める
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Technology has given rise to new types of crime, such as hacking.
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Some say football started in China. 学び始める
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Some say football can be traced back to China.
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Global warming is the reason for many recent environment disasters. 学び始める
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Global warming has caused/is the cause of many recent environment disasters. The new study predicted that heatwaves, cold snaps, bushfires, droughts, floods and windstorms would rise exponentially.
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Better healthcare and diet, plus fewer babies per family, mean the population is ageing. 学び始める
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Because of better healthcare and diet, plus fewer babies per family, the population is ageing.
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The rising number of female world leaders can be attributed to the women's liberation movement. 学び始める
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The rising number of female world leaders stems from the women's liberation movement.
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The growth in online publishing has necessitated new laws. 学び始める
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The growth in online publishing has lead to new laws.
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It's thought that chess began in India over a thousand years ago. 学び始める
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It's thought that chess originated in India over a thousand years ago.
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Medical procedures for disfigured soldiers led to the development of cosmetic surgery. 学び始める
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Medical procedures for disfigured soldiers resulted in the development of cosmetic surgery.
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Look at the expresions in the box. When do you think we usually use these expressions? What is their purpose? So overall,... To sum up,... All in all,... Basically,... in conclusion,... So what I'm really saying is,... 学び始める
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We usually use these expressions at the end of a long "turn" or the end of a setion of speech. The purpose is to summarise what has been said.
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Which expressions did the speakers in Exercise 3 A use? 学び始める
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Basically, ...; So what I'm really saying is,...
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