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State verbs with present continuous to emphasise that a situation is temporary or for a period of time around the present Ella jest z nami teraz. Dzieci uwielbiają mieć ją tutaj. 学び始める
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attract, like, look, love, sound Ella is with us at the moment. The children are loving having her here.
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State verbs we rarely use with the present continuous Wątpię, abym jeszcze dostał kolejną szansę odbycia egzaminu 学び始める
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believe, consist of, doubt, own I doubt whether I'll get another chance to retake the exam
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Some state verbs have different meanings when they are used to talk about states and when they describe actions With their "state" meaning they usually take simple forms. With their "action" meaning they may take simple or continuous forms. Aplikacja wydaje się nie działać na moim telefonie. 学び始める
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cost, expect, feel, fit, have, imagine, measure, think, weigh The app doesn't appear to work on my phone.
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WIth some verbs describing "mental" states we can use the present continuous to emphasise that we have recently started to think about something or that we are not sure about something I'm increasingly aware that it was the wrong decision Żałuję mojej decyzji o powierzeniu jej pracy 学び始める
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find, realise, regret, think, understand I am regretting my decision to give her the job
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When it means "think carefully about" the verb is only used with the present continuous On rozważa wcześniejszą emeryturę 学び始める
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He's considering taking early retirement
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Some other verbs describing preferences and mental states are rarely used with the present continuous 学び始める
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agree, believe, conclude, know, prefer
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We use the present simple with verbs which perform the action they describe Sugeruję zaparkować poza miastem i złapać autobus do centrum 学び始める
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suggest, request, acknowledge, admit, advise, apologise, beg, confess, congratulate, declare, deny, forbid, guarantee, name, order, permit, predict, promise, refuse, remind, request, thank, warn I suggest you park outside the city and get the bus to the center
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Some verbs used as performatives with the present simple in positive sentences have a similar meaning with either the present simple or the present continuous in negative sentences Nie odmawiam zabierania książek, ale Miguel powiedział, że to powinno być ok 学び始める
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apologise, deny, guarantee, promise, suggest I am not denying taking the books, but Miguel said it would be okay
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Muszę prosić Cię o zachowanie tego w sekrecie Modals are often used with performatives to make what we say more tentative or polite Zalecamy przybycie dwie godziny przed odlotem 学び始める
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I must beg you to keep this a secret We would advise you to arrive two hours before the flight leaves
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We often use the present simple and present continuous in stories and jokes in informal spoken English to create the impression that events are happening now The main events are usually described in sequence using the present simple and longer background events are described using the present continuous Ona podchodzi do tego mężczyzny i spogląda mu prosto w oczy. On nie ma okularów i nie rozpoznaje jej 学び始める
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(example) This man is playing golf when a kangaroo bounds up to him, grab his club and hits his ball about half a mile She goes up to this man and looks straight into his eyes. He's not wearing his glasses and he doesn't recognise her.
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In narratives and anecdotes the present simple can be used to highlight an event. Often it is used after past tenses and with a phrase such as suddenly or all of a sudden Siedziałem sobie w parku, czytałem gazetę, nagle nie wiadomo skąd wyskoczył na mnie ten pies 学び始める
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suddenly, all of a sudden I was sitting in the park, reading a newspaper, when all of a sudden this dog jumps at me
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We also use the present simple and present continuous in live commentaries when the report takes place at the same time as the action Rodriguez podaje do Messiego, który strzela ponad poprzeczką. Barcelona atakuje dużo bardziej w tej części spotkania 学び始める
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King serves to the left-hand court and Adams makes a wonderful return. She's playing magnificent tennis in this match Rodriguez passes to Messi who shots just over the bar. Barcelona are attacking much more in this half
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Phrases we use to introduce news that we have heard, read, seen or been told We can also use them with past tenses Sophia powiedziała mi, że myślisz o emigracji 学び始める
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It says here, I hear, I gather, I see, I understand, they say, Someone says, Someone tells me Sophia tells me you're thinking of emigrating
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Drugie trzęsienie ziemi uderza w Japonię The present simple is often used in news headlines to talk about events that have recently happended Pożar wybuchł w pokoju hotelowym 学び始める
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Fire breaks out in hotel room
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Thomson przedstawia listę największych firm w Europie w rozdziale szóstym We can use the present simple to refer to the contents of books, films, newspapers etc. W filmie Loni Baranski wciela się w rolę prywatnego detektywa 学び始める
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Thompson gives a list of the largest European companies in Chapter 6 In the film, Loni Baranski takes the role of a private detective
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We can use the present continuous with those adverbs to emphasise that something is done so often that it is characteristic of a person, group or thing We often use this pattern to indicate disapproval. The past continuous is used in similar way with this pattern. Myślę, że zostanę jednak tutaj / Ty ciągle zmieniasz zdanie! 学び始める
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always, constantly, continually, forever Example with Past Continuous: Was Olivia always asking you for money, too? I think I'll stay here after all. / You're constantly changing your mind.
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We can use the present continuous to describe something we regularly do at a certain time. Przykład: O ósmej zazwyczaj jadę samochodem do pracy, więc zadzwoń na moją komórkę Siódma to trochę za wcześnie. Zazwyczaj wtedy jadamy. 学び始める
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At eight o'clock I'm usually driving to work, so phone me on my mobile Seven o'clock is a bit early. We're generally eating then.
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Time expressions that refer to the present They can be used with either past simple or present perfect verbs. If we think of it as a past, completed time period, then we use the past simple. If as a time period which includes the present moment, then we use the present perfect Nie ogoliłem się dzisiaj rano (rano się zakończyło / ranek ciągle trwa) 学び始める
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this morning, this week, this month, today I didn't shave this morning / I haven't shaved this morning
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In a sentence which includes a time clause with this word, we generally prefer a past simple in the time clause and a present perfect verb in the main clause The time clause refers to a particular point in the past Odkąd pan Dodson został prezydentem bezrobocie wzrosło / Ona nie może grać w tenisa odkąd złamała rękę 学び始める
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Since Mr. Dodson became president unemployment has increased / She hasn't been able to play tennis since she broke her arm
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We use present perfect in the time clause with this word if the two situations described in the main clause and time clause extend until present Czy spotkałeś już jakichś sąsiadów odkąd tu mieszkasz? 学び始める
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Have you met any of your neighbours since you've lived here?
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With time clauses introduced by these expressions the past simple refers to past, completed events and the present perfect refers to the future events It is possible to use the past perfect instead of the past simple and the present simple instead of the present perfect Po tym jak opuściła szpital, pojechała na długie wakacje / Po skończeniu szkoły Łukasz spędzi sześć miesięcy w Indiach 学び始める
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after, when, until, as soon as, once, by the time After she left hospital, she had a long holiday / After Lucas has left school, he will be spending six months in India
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With these time expressions the past simple refers to past, completed events and the present perfect refers to the future events It is possible to use the past perfect instead of the past simple and the present simple instead of the present perfect Minutę po tym jak otrzymałem wiadomość o Annie, zadzwoniłem do moich rodziców / Skontaktuję się z Tobą minutę po tym jak otrzymam wyniki egzaminu 学び始める
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the minute / second / moment The minute I got the news about Anna, I telephoned my parents / I will contact you the minute I've got my exam results
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In news report, you will often read about or hear recent events introduced with the (tense) and then the (tense) are used to give details Amerykanka została pierwszą osobą, które wykonała 2 miliony kontrybucji do Wikipedii. Esther Miller rozpoczęła edycję strony 8 lat temu 学び始める
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present perfect ... past simple or other past tenses An American woman has become the first person to make 2 milion contributions to Wikipedia. Esther Miller began editing the site eight years ago.
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After this pattern we generally use the present perfect in the next clause Pierwszy raz jak widzę Jana wyglądającego na zażenowanego 学び始める
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It / This / That is / will be the first time That's the first time I've seen Jan look embarrassed
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After this pattern we generally use the past perfect To był pierwszy raz jak rozmawiałem z Dimitrą poza biurem 学び始める
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It / This / That was the first time It was the first time I'd talked to Dimitra outside the office
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When we talk about two events or activities that went on over the same period of past time, we can often use tense or tense for both Mia czytała dzieciom podczas gdy Ben zmywał 学び始める
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past continuous ... past simple Mia was reading/read to the children while Ben was washing up/washed up
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Using tense emphasises that the event or activity was in progress during the past period of time Kiedy uczyłem się jeździć/nauczyłem się jeździć mieszkałem z rodzicami 学び始める
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was learning emphasises that the activity was in progress(I had lessons during this time) and learned emphasises completion(I passed my test during this time). When I was learning/learned to drive I was living with my parents
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When we talk about two or more past completed events that followed one another, we use tense, not the tense, for both Ona wstała kiedy budzik zadzwonił 学び始める
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past simple not the past continuous She got up when the alarm clock went off
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We usually use the tense rather than the tense to talk about repeated past actions W zeszłym roku pojechaliśmy do Hiszpanii trzy razy 学び始める
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past simple rather than past continuous We went to Spain three times last year
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We can use the tense, particularly in spoken English, when we want to emphasise that repeated actions went on for a limited and temporary period of past time Aby stracić wagę przed biegiem tygodniami nie jadłem ciastek. 学び始める
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or didn't eat - past simple To lose weight before the race, I wasn't eating any biscuits for weeks
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We can use the tense, particularly in spoken English, when we want to emphasise that repeated actions happened surprisingly often in the past W zeszłym tygodniu musiałem przynosić pracę do domu każdego wieczora, aby uporać się ze wszystkim 学び始める
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or had to - past simple Last week I was having to bring work home every night to get it all done
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We often use the tense in a narrative (e.g. report a story) to talk about a single complete past event and the tense to describe the situation that existed at the time. The event might have interrupted the situation, or happened while the situation was in progress Erika upuściła torebkę kiedy wsiadała do samochodu / Ona trzęsła się ze złości kiedy opuściła hotel 学び始める
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past simple ... past continuous Erika dropped her bag while she was getting into her car / She was shaking with anger as she left the hotel
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We can use either (tense) or (tense) with some (verbs) to talk about things we intended to do, but didn't Chcieliśmy zadzwonić i was odwiedzić, ale Marc nie czuł się dobrze 学び始める
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past continuous ... past simple(or past perfect) ... consider + ing, expect to, hope to, intend to, mean to, plan to / on + ing, think about / of + ing, want to We were meaning to call in and see you, but Marc wasn't feeling well
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These (verbs) can be used with the (tense) and (tense) to report what we might do in the future. Myślę o wyjeździe do Chin, ale to zależy od tego ile będę miał pieniędzy (wersja mniej konkretna / bardziej konkretna) 学び始める
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consider + ing, hope to, intend to, plan to / on + ing, think about / of + ing, want to, wonder about ... present continuous ... past continuous past continuous is less definite that the present continuous I was thinking of going to China next year, but it depends how much money I've got / (more definite) I'm thinking of going to China next year, but it depends how much money I've got
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I wrote/had written Clara an email to thank her for the present she gave/had given me for my birthday last week. But as soon as I pressed the 'send' button, I realised/had realised that I made/had made a mistake and sent it to her sister instead When we give an account of a sequence of past events we usually put these events in chronological order using the past simple. If we want to refer to an event, which happened before the last event in the sequence, we can use the past perfect 学び始める
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wrote ... had given ... realised ... had made I wrote Clara an email to thank her for the present she had given me for my birthday last week. But as soon as I pressed the 'send' button, I realised that I had made a mistake and sent it to her sister instead
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When we understand that we are talking about events before another past event, we don't have to continue using the tense W zeszłym miesiącu kupiliśmy samochód. Przez lata jeździliśmy autem moich rodziców, ale zaczęło się sypać. Włożyliśmy do niego nowy silnik, ale to nie rozwiązało problemów, które mieliśmy 学び始める
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alternatives: had started, had put, hadn't solve We bought a new car last month. We'd driven my parents' old car for ages, but it started to fall apart. We put a new engine in it, but that didn't solve the problems we were having
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If the order of past events is clear from the context(for example, if time expressions make the order clear) we can often use either the tense or the tense Obaj liderzy zdecydowali się spotkać, pomimo że wcześniejsze rozmowy nie doprowadziły do porozumienia 学び始める
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past perfect ... past simple The two leaders agreed to meet, even though earlier talks failed/had failed to reach an agreement
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The tense is often used in reporting what was originally said or thought in the tense or tens Powiedziane lub pomyślane: Wioska nie zmieniła się bardzo / Zaraportowane: Zorientowałem się, że wioska nie zmieniła się za bardzo 学び始める
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past perfect ... present perfect ... past simple Though or said: The village hasn't changed much / Reported: I found that the village hadn't changed much
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We can use either the tense or tense when we talk about things that we intended to do, but didn't or won't now do in the future Aron planował odejść na emeryturę w wieku 60 lat, ale przekonaliśmy go do pozostania na jeszcze kilka lat 学び始める
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past perfect ... past simple Aron planned/had planned to retire at 60, but we have persuaded him to stay for a few more years
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We use the tense to express the idea of an activity(a task, piece of work, etc.) in progress until recently or until the time of speaking One pisała tą książkę odkąd miała dwadzieścia parę lat i w końcu jest gotowa 学び始める
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present perfect continuous Note that we often use time expressions to say how long the activity has been in progress She's been writing the book since she was in her twenties and at last it's finished
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We don't use the tense with verbs such as verbs that describe unchanging states Nie lubię lodów odkąd zjadłem za dużo i źle się czułem 学び始める
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present perfect continuous ... belong, know, (dis)like and understand I haven't liked the ice cream since I ate too much and was sick
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When we talk about situations(general characteristics or circumstances) that exist until the present we can often use either the tense or the tense Od wieków czekaliśmy na te wakacje 学び始める
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present perfect or present perfect continuous We've been looking forward to/We've looked forward to this holiday for ages
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We often use the tense or the tense to talk about something that has recently finished if we can still see its results. However, we generally use the tense with verbs that suggest extended or repeated activity On złamał palec i bardzo go boli / Grałem w squasha i muszę wziąć prysznic 学び始める
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present perfect ... present perfect continuous ... present perfect continuous He has broken his finger and is in a lot of pain / I've been playing squash and need a shower
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We use the tense rather than the tense when we draw a conclusion from what we can see, hear, etc. We often use this form to complain or criticise. Kto grzebał w moich papierach? Są teraz wszędzie! / Jadłeś czekoladę, prawda? Masz trochę na koszuli. 学び始める
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present perfect continuous ... present perfect Who's been messing around with my papers? They're all over the place. / You've been eating chocolate, haven't you? There is some on your shirt.
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When we talk about the results of circumstances or an activity, we use the tense, rather than the tense. When we focus on the process we often use either the tense or the tense Ceny spadły o 7% / Ceny ostatnio spadły / Zużyłem trzy puszki farby na ściany w kuchni / Użyłem nowy rodzaj farby na ściany w kuchni 学び始める
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present perfect ... present perfect continuous ... present perfect ... present perfect continuous Prices have decreased by 7% / Prices have been decreasing(have decreased) recently / I've used three tins of paint on the kitchen walls / I've been using(have used) a new kind of paint on the kitchen walls
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The (tense) emphasises that an activity is ongoing and repeated, while the (tense2) suggests the activity happened only once or in a specified number of occasions Miguel kopał piłkę o mur przez cały dzień / On grał w reprezentacji do tej pory 65 razy 学び始める
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present perfect continuous ... present perfect Miguel has been kicking a football against the wall all day / He has played for the national team in 65 matches so far
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Pracownicy domagali się(wielokrotnie) dymisji prezesa 学び始める
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The workers have been calling for the chairman's resignation
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Pracownicy wezwali zarząd(prawdopodobnie jednorazowo) do rozpoczęcia negocjacji o płacach 学び始める
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Workers have called for management to begin negotiations on pay
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We use the tense to talk about something that was in progress recently before or up to a past point in time, and the tense when we talk about a finished activity before a past time Kończyłam pracę w ogrodzie kiedy Lea przyjechała, wiec nie słyszałam jak weszła / Skończyłam prasować więc zaczęłam myć okna 学び始める
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past perfect continuous ... past perfect I'd been finishing some work in the garden when Lea arrived, so I didn't hear her come in / I'd finished all the ironing so I started cleaning the windows
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We can often use either the tense or the tense with a similar meaning Pracowałem ciężko cały rok, więc czułem, że zasługiwałem na wakację 学び始める
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past perfect continuous or past perfect I'd been working / I'd worked hard all year, so I felt that I deserved a holiday
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If we talk about how many times something happened in a period up to a particular past time, we use the tense not the tense Przed wczoraj, ile razy wcześniej spotkałaś go? / W latach dziewięćdziesiątych spałam w tym hotelu dwa razy 学び始める
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past perfect ... past perfect continuous How many times had you met him before yesterday? / I had stayed in the hotel twice in the 1990s
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The past perfect continuous can be used to talk about a situation or activity that went on before a particular past time and (i), (ii) or (iii) (i) Jechaliśmy przez godzinę, kiedy silnik nagle się zatrzymał / (ii) Czuła się fatalnie podczas wywiadu, ponieważ od wczoraj cierpiała z powodu grypy / (iii) Kiedy ostatnio widziałem Omara, biegał i nie mógł złapać oddechu 学び始める
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(i) finished at that time ... (ii) continued beyond it ... (iii) finished shortly (i) We'd been driving for about an hour when the engine suddenly stopped / (ii) She felt terrible during the interview because she had been suffering from flu since the previous day / (iii) When I last saw Omar, he'd been running and was out of breath
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If we are not interested in how long the activity went on before a particular past time, we can use the tense instead of the tense Pierwszy raz spotkałem Mateo i Lucię kiedy spotykali się od pięciu lat i nie wzięli ślubu przez kolejne trzy / Karin spotkała Lars kiedy spotykała się z jego najlepszym przyjacielem 学び始める
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past continuous ... past perfect continuous I first met Mateo and Lucia when they had been going out together for five years, and they didn't get married for another three years after that / Karin met Lars when she was going out with his best friend
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Remember that we don't describe states with continuous tenses. We use the tense, not the tense, even when we focus on the length of a situation up to a particular past time Mieliśmy to auto przez sześć tygodni zanim zepsuło się sprzęgło 学び始める
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past perfect ... past perfect continuous We had only owned the car for six weeks when the clutch broke.
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This past tense is mainly used in written texts and is less common in speech. Ciało wspinacza, który zaginął w Alpach zostało wczoraj ostatecznie odnalezione. Carl Simms wspinał się sam niedaleko wodospadu w górach Harz, które już w przeszłości pochłonęły wiele żyć 学び始める
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The body of a climber who went missing in the Alps was finally found yesterday. Carl Simms had been climbing alone near the Harz Waterfall, which has claimed many lives in the past.
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When we focus an activity itself, starting before and continuing up to (and possibly beyond) a particular point of time, rather than focusing on actions as completed events, we use simple/continuous forms Skoro nie używasz teraz auto, czy mogę je pożyczyć? / Czy kiedy ją widziałeś ona miała na sobie tą czerwoną sukienkę? 学び始める
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As you're not using your car at the moment, can I borrow it? / Was she wearing that red dress when you saw her?
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We use simple/continuous forms to talk about general situations, habits, and things that are or were always true Miguel nie gra dobrze w golfa / Kiedy pracowałem jako listonosz wstawałem o trzeciej rano każdego dnia 学び始める
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Miguel doesn't play golf very well / When I worked as a postman I got up at three o'clock every morning
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We use simple/continuous forms with verbs that describe unchanging states Ona chce ciężko pracować i kontynuować naukę na uniwersytecie / Czy zrozumiałeś instrukcje które otrzymaliśmy? 学び始める
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She intends to work hard and go on to university / Did you understand the instructions we were given?
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We can use simple/continuous forms with verbs that describe unchanging states when they describe something happening or changing Zamierzała porozmawiać z Tonym o tym pomyśle, ale nie miała okazji / Teraz, gdy uczy nas pan Davies, znacznie lepiej rozumiem fizykę 学び始める
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She was intending to talk to Tony about the idea, but she didn't get the opportunity / I'm understanding physics much better now that Mr Davies is teaching us
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We use simple/perfect verb forms to describe one event or state from the point of view of a later time. The tense suggests a connection between something that happened in the past and the present time. Note, that the situation or event does not have to continue until the time of speaking, only to have some connection or relevance to the present time Skończyłem książkę którą chciałeś, możesz ją teraz pożyczyć / Twój nos krwawi. Czy ktoś cię uderzył? 学び始める
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perfect ... present perfect I've finished that book you wanted, so you can borrow it now / Your nose is bleeding. Has somebody hit you?
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The tense is used to locate a past event before another past event Zaprosiłem go na obiad, ale on powiedział, że już jadł / Zanim odebrałem, oni odłożyli słuchawkę 学び始める
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I invited him out to dinner, but he said he had already eaten / By the time I picked up the phone, they had rung off
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We combine the perfect and continuous forms in the tense to describe an activity in progress either at or recently before the time of speaking, and possibly beyond it Śledziłem dyskusje na forum z wielkim zainteresowaniem 学び始める
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present perfect continuous I have been following the discussions on the forum with great interest
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We can also use the tense to talk about activities that have recently finished with some result that can be seen, heard, etc. Spójrz na ten brud na twoich ubraniach! Czy znowu kopałeś w ogródku? 学び始める
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present perfect continuous Look at the dirt on your clothes! Have you been digging in the garden again?
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We combine the perfect and continuous forms in the tense to describe an activity that was in progress either at or recently before a point in the past and possibly beyond it. We can also use it to talk about activities that had finished recently before a point in the past that could be seen, heard etc. Kiedy spotkaliśmy Lenę i Marko oni jeździli konno / Śnieg padał obficie godzinami, więc kiedy podeszłam do drzwi nie mogłam ich otworzyć 学び始める
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When we met Lena and Marko, they had been riding / It had been snowing heavily for hours and when I went to the door I couldn't open it
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We can use either (verb) or (construction) to talk about something that is planned, or something that we think is likely to happen in the future Będziemy uczyć się o zmianach klimatu w późniejszej części kursu / Gdzie będziesz spał w Berlinie? / Południowa część miasta nie będzie dotknięta wyłączeniami prądu 学び始める
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We often prefer be going to in informal contexts We will(are going to) study climate change in a later part of the course / Where will you(are you going to) stay in Berlin? / The south of the city won't(isn't going to) be affected by the power cuts
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We use verb or construction rather than verb or construction to make a prediction based on our opinion or experience Czemu nie przyjechać na weekend? Dzieci ucieszą się widząc was ponownie. 学び始める
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Why not to come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again.
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We use verb or construction rather than verb or construction when we make a prediction based on some present evidence Niebo naprawdę pociemniało. Zaraz będzie burza 学び始める
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The sky's gone really dark. There's going to be a storm
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To predict the future we often use verb or construction with list of phrases and in questions with other two verbs Wyobrażam sobie, że stadion będzie pełny podczas sobotniego meczu / Wyobrażasz sobie, że on powie, tak? 学び始める
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will ... I bet (informal), I expect, I hope, I imagine, I reckon (informal), I think, I wonder, I'm sure ... think, reckon Be going to can also be used with there phrases, particularly in informal contexts. I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday / Do you reckon he'll say yes?
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We use verb or construction when we make a decision at the moment of speaking and verb or construction for decisions about the future that have already been made Odbiorę go o ósmej(w takim razie) / Zamierzam odebrać dzieci o ósmej 学び始める
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I'll pick him up at eight / I am going to collect the children at eight
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However, in a formal style, we use verb or construction rather than verb or construction to talk about future events that have been previously arranged in some detail The meeting will begin at 9am. Refreshments will be available from 8:30 onwards 学び始める
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will rather than be going to Spotkanie rozpocznie się o 9 rano. Przekąski będą dostępne od 8:30
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We can use will or be going to with little difference in meaning in the main clause of an if-sentence when we say that something (often something negative) is... Stłuczesz tą szklankę jeżeli nie będziesz uważny 学び始める
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conditional on something else You'll/'re going to knock that glass over if you're not careful
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When the future event does not depend on the action described in the if-clause, we use verb or construction, not verb or construction. This kind of sentence is mainly found in spoken English Otwieram butelkę lemoniady, jeżeli masz ochotę się napić(i tak otworzę, nawet jeżeli nie chcesz) / Otworzę butelkę lemoniady, jeżeli masz ochotę się napić (w przciwnym przypadku nie otworzę) 学び始める
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I'm going to open a bottle of lemonade, if you want some / I'll open a bottle of lemonade if you want some.
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However, we use verb or construction, not verb or construction, when the main clause refers to offers, requests, promises, etc. and ability Jeżeli Eryk zadzwoni, dam ci znać / Jeżeli spojrzysz w lewo, zobaczysz jezioro(rozumiane jako obietnica, nie pewność) 学び始める
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If Erik phones, I'll let you know / If you look to your left, you'll see the lake
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We use verb or construction, not verb or construction, when one thing is the logical consequence of another Jeżeli nie włączysz najpierw monitora, komputer się nie włączy 学び始める
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If you don't switch on the monitor first, the computer won't come on
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We can often use either tense or verb to talk about future events that are part of some timetabled or programmed arrangement or routine. However we prefer the tense for fixed, unchangeable events Czy wyprzedaż kończy się w czwartek czy w piątek? / Słońce wstanie o 5:16 jutro 学び始める
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present simple ... will ... present simple Does/will the sale finish on Thursday or Friday? / The sun rises at 5:16 tomorrow
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We avoid the tense when we talk about lest formal or less routine arrangements, or predictions. Instead we use verb, construction or the tense Czy zostajesz w domu, żeby oglądać telewizje wieczorem, czy idziesz potańczyć? / Teraz to tylko problem w Wielkiej Brytanii, ale wpłynie to wkrótce na resztę Europy. 学び始める
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present simple ... will ... be going to ... present continuous Are you staying in to watch TV tonight, or are you coming dancing? / It's only a problem in Britain now, but it will affect the rest of Europe soon
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We use the tense, not a word, to refer to the future in time clauses with conjunctions such as list of conjunctions Powinienem skończyć zanim wrócisz 学び始める
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We use the present simple, not will, to refer to the future in time clauses with conjunctions such as after, as soon as, before, by the time, when, while, until I should be finished by the time you get back (not by the time you will get back)
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We use the tense, not a word, to refer to the future in conditional clauses with list of clauses Posiadając odpowiednie oprogramowanie, powinienem być w stanie rozwiązać ten problem 学び始める
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We use the present simple, not will, to refer to the future in conditional clauses with if, in case, provided, and unless Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem
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We use the tense, not a word, to refer to the future when we talk about possible future events with two words, and a construction at the beginning of a sentence. Note that another tense can be used with a similar meaning Co jeżeli pociąg się spóźni? Gdzie powinienem się wtedy z tobą spotkać? 学び始める
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We use the present simple, not will, to refer to the future when we talk about possible future events with suppose, supposing, and what if at the beginning of a sentence. Note that past simple can be used with a similar meaning What if train's late? Where shall I meet you then? (or What if the train was late?)
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