Angielski kolos

zielny

herbaceous

środek terapeutyczny

therapeutic agent

wilgotne miejsca

moist regions

melisa

lemon balm

pokrzywa

urticaria

tymianek

thyme

odżywione

nourished

What are the functions of the stem?

The functions of the stem are to support assimilating tissues and conduct water, mineral soils and the products of photosynthesis

What are annual plants?

Annual plants are plants that live for a single season.

What are biennial plants?

Biennial plants are plants that live for two seasons.

What are perennial plants?

Perennial plants are plants that live for a great number of years, storing food for winter and growing in spring.

What are medicinal plants?

Medicinal plants are plants which have medicinal properties and are used as a source of natural drugs.

What are the differences between herbs and shrubs?

Herbs are plants that produce no permanent shoot systems above the ground. They die to the ground level usually in the winter. A shrub has hard, woody permanent shoot system.

What is tachycardia?

Abnormally rapid heart rate.

What is the function of root system?

The function of root system is to anchor and absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.

What is the function of shoot system?

The function of shoot system is to exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the cells and their external environment and to catch as much light energy as possible.

oś

axis

gleba

soil

mózg

cerebrum

najwyżej położony

uppermost

jelita

bowels

obręcz barkowa

shoulder girdle

The 4 cavities of the body are:

Cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

podstawowy

essential

naczynia włosowate

hair-like blood vessels/ capillaries

What limbs are composed of?

The upper limbs are composed of the arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand with four fingers and one thumb. The lower limbs are composed of the thigh, knee, calf, and foot with toes.

przepona

diaphragm

oddzielony

separated by

podawany

administered

What is the function of the pulmonary system?

The function of the pulmonary system is distribution of gases round the body, water exporation and heat regulation.

nagłośnia

epiglottis

napłucna

pleura

Describe inspiration

The thorax moves up, the intercostal muscles and diaphram contracts, the air passes into the nasal cavity, then to the pharynx, larynx, trachea to alveoli. There the oxygen from the air diffuses to the blood, which transport the oxygen to all tissues.

górna

superior

dolna

inferior

vena cava inferior

żyła główna dolna

vena cava superior

żyła główna górna

żyłka

venule

tętniczka

arteriole

Wymień typy krążenia

Systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation and portal circulation.

natlenowana

oxygenated

odtlenowana

deoxygenated

ponownie natlenowana

re-oxygenated

podane

administered

przedni

anterior

tylny

posterior

What are the components of the circulatory system?

The heart and the blood vessels: aorta, arteries, arterioles, vena cava interior, vena cava superior, venules and capillaries.

What does the systemic circulation supplies?

It supplies the oxygenated blood to the whole body except the lungs.

What does the pulmonary circulation supplies?

It supplies the blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation.

What does the coronary circulation supplies?

It supplies the heart with food and oxygen.

gruczoły ślinowe

salivary glands

pęcherzyk żółciowy

gall bladder

żółć

bile

wyrostek robaczkowy

vermiform appendix

okrężnica

colon

kątnica

caecum

jelito kręte

ileum

jelito czcze

jejunem

dwunastnica

duodeum

odźwiernik

pylorus

zwieracz odźwiernik

pyloric sphincter

kał

feaces

leki o opóźnionym uwalnianiu

delayed release drugs

lek o przedłużonym uwalnianiu

sustained-release medicines

leki podane doodbytniczo

drugs administered rectally

tabletki dojelitowe

entericcoated tablets

Describe digestion

bla bla

What is the function of the urinary system?

The function of the urinary system is to secrete and eliminate the liquid waste products of metabolism.

mocz

urine

mocznik

urea

mocznica

uraemia

mikcja

urination/passing urine

moczowód

urether

cewka moczowa

urethra

kręgosłup

spinal column/spine/vertebral column

rdzeń kręgowy

spinal cord

nadmiar

excess

ilość

quantity

gruczoł nadnerczy

adrenal gland

cortex

kora nerki

miedniczka nerkowa

pelvis

rdzeń nerki

medulla

zatoka nerkowa

sinus of kidney

żyła nerkowa

sinus of kidney

torebka

capsule

zwinięta rurka

coiled tube

kanalik nerkowy

renal tubule

torebka Bowmana

Bowman's capsule

bezmocz

anuria

bolesne oddawanie moczu

dysuria

krwiomocz

haematuria

nietrzymanie moczu

incontinence

nadmierne oddawanie moczu

poliuria

obrzęk

oedema

ropomocz

pyuria

skąpomocz

oliguria

What are the main parts of the kidney?

calyx, medulla, cortex, pelvis.

What is the cortex?

An outer layer of the kidney.

What is the medulla?

The inner portion of the kidney, made up of nephrons.

What is the urinary bladder?

A muscular sack in which the urine is stored before it is eliminated from the body.

Describe filtration

bla bla

wirusowy

viral

bakteryjny

bacterial

grypa

influenza

migdałki

tonsills

zatoki

sinus

katar sienny

hay fever

chrypka

hoarseness

krwioplucie

haemoptysis

błony śluzowe

mucosa

sinica

cyanosis

wrodzony

cangenital

nabyty

acquired

Warstwy serca:

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

osierdzie

pericardium

mięsień serca

myocardium

wsierdzie

endocardium

niewydolność

insufficiency

zawał serca

heart infarct

duszność

dyspnoea

spowolniona praca serca

bradycardia

wrzód trawienny

peptic ulcers

nudności

nausea

wymioty

vomiting

ból brzucha

abdominal pain

zaparcia

constipation

krew w stolcu

melaena

czkawka

hiccup

zgaga

heartburn

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

What are the diseases of the respiratory system?

Influenza, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, asthma, hay fever and neoplasms.

What is pharyngitis?

Inflammation of the pharynx

What is bronchitis?

Inflammation of the bronchi

What is pneumonia?

Inflammation of the lungs

What is tonsillitis?

Inflammation of the tonsils

What are the symptoms of respiratory system diseases?

sore throat, fever, cough, hoarseness, chest pain, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, haemoptysis and cyanosis.

What is dyspnoea?

Difficulty in breathing

What is tachypnoea?

Rapid breathing.

What is haemoptysis?

Coughing up blood

What is cyanosis?

Bluish colour of the skin and the mucosa.

What are diseases of circulatory system?

Congenital heart disorders (corrected surgically in the early childhood)/ aquired cardiovascular diseases.

What are acquired diseases?

angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart infarct

What is angina pectoris?

caused by insufficiency of coronary arteries

What is atherosclerosis?

Development of fatty plaques on the inner arterial walls

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure

What is heart infarct?

It's caused by obstruction of the blood flow in the coronary artery.

What is dyspnoea?

Shortness of breath

What is ankle oedema?

Swelling of the ankles

What is tachycardia?

Rapid heartbeat

What are the symptoms of the pulmonary system diseases?

Dyspnoea, ankle oedema, tachycardia, bradycardia, weakness, cyanosis

What are the diseases of the digestive system?

Gastritis, hepatitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis, cancer, peptic ulcers.

What is gastritis?

Inflammation of the stomach

What is hepatitis?

Liver inflammation

What is enteritis?

Inflammation of the intestines

What is gastroenteritis?

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

What are the symptoms of the digestive system diseases?

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and constipation.

What is anorexia?

Lack of appetite

What is nausea?

Feeling sick

What is diarrhoea?

Frequent, loose bowel motions

What is constipation?

Rare bowel motions

What are the diseases of the urinary system?

Mainly infections, such as nephritis, glomerulonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, kidney stones and tumour.

What is nephritis?

Inflammation of the kidneys

What is glomerulonephritis?

Inflammation of the glomeruli

What is cystitis?

Inflammation of the bladder

What is urethritis?

Inflammation of the urethra

What are the symptoms od the urinary system diseases?

Painful urination, frequent urination, backache, haematuria, anuria.

What is haematuria?

Blood in the urine

What is anuria?

Lack of urination

What are nervous system diseases?

Traumatic (head injury or spinal cord injury)/degenerative (multiple sclerosis)/infective (meningitis)/ cerebral abscess/neoplastic (meningioma or brain tumour)

What is meningitis?

Inflammation of brain membranes)

What is neuritis?

Nerve inflammation

What are the symptoms of the nervous system diseases?

Acute headache, migraine, vomiting, dizziness, paralysis, depression and dementia.