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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" 学び始める
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" 学び始める
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" 学び始める
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste 学び始める
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... 学び始める
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? 学び始める
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? 学び始める
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First distinct in culture: 学び始める
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Second distinct in culture: 学び始める
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Third distinct in culture: 学び始める
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Fourth distinct in culture: 学び始める
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Fifth distinct in culture: 学び始める
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Sixth distinct in culture: 学び始める
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Seventh distinct in culture: 学び始める
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? 学び始める
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? 学び始める
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: 学び始める
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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学び始める
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? 学び始める
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instruction and moral progress
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care given to development of the mind
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? 学び始める
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? 学び始める
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? 学び始める
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... 学び始める
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... 学び始める
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... 学び始める
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? 学び始める
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... 学び始める
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Culture is a system that has... 学び始める
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... 学び始める
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: 学び始める
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. 学び始める
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? 学び始める
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. 学び始める
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: 学び始める
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? 学び始める
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? 学び始める
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? 学び始める
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? 学び始める
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? 学び始める
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? 学び始める
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: 学び始める
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? 学び始める
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It includes numerous "languages".
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学び始める
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? 学び始める
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? 学び始める
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? 学び始める
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? 学び始める
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... 学び始める
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? 学び始める
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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学び始める
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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anything that produces meaning.
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? 学び始める
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? 学び始める
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution 学び始める
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: 学び始める
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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学び始める
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... 学び始める
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Mass production process... 学び始める
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? 学び始める
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? 学び始める
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? 学び始める
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The first magazine published and when? 学び始める
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When was telegraph invented? 学び始める
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What was the first movie and when was it published? 学び始める
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? 学び始める
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? 学び始める
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When did the internet start working around? 学び始める
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学び始める
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: 学び始める
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: 学び始める
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: 学び始める
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: 学び始める
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: 学び始める
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"favoured by people generally"
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学び始める
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: 学び始める
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... 学び始める
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学び始める
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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学び始める
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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学び始める
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... 学び始める
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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学び始める
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? 学び始める
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? 学び始める
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... 学び始める
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: 学び始める
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... 学び始める
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学び始める
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: 学び始める
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... 学び始める
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... 学び始める
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... 学び始める
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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学び始める
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... 学び始める
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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学び始める
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... 学び始める
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the authentic with commercial.
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学び始める
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... 学び始める
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... 学び始める
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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学び始める
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... 学び始める
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... 学び始める
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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学び始める
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... 学び始める
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... 学び始める
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... 学び始める
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... 学び始める
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学び始める
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... 学び始める
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... 学び始める
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The MP3 file format was developed in... 学び始める
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... 学び始める
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The Napster shut down in... 学び始める
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... 学び始める
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学び始める
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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学び始める
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: 学び始める
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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学び始める
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... 学び始める
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... 学び始める
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... 学び始める
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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学び始める
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... 学び始める
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The Frankfurt School moved to... 学び始める
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: 学び始める
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... 学び始める
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... 学び始める
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... 学び始める
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... 学び始める
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... 学び始める
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学び始める
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... 学び始める
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Culture industry uses a... 学び始める
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... 学び始める
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... 学び始める
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... 学び始める
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... 学び始める
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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学び始める
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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endless stream of movies.
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... 学び始める
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... 学び始める
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... 学び始める
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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学び始める
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... 学び始める
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... 学び始める
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... 学び始める
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... 学び始める
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... 学び始める
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... 学び始める
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... 学び始める
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... 学び始める
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... 学び始める
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Youth subcultures express... 学び始める
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opposition to the generation gap.
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Resistance is expressed through... 学び始める
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: 学び始める
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... 学び始める
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Middle 1970s subculture was... 学び始める
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... 学び始める
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Early 1980s subculture was... 学び始める
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Another early 1980s subculture was... 学び始める
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The skinhead value system and style... 学び始める
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... 学び始める
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... 学び始める
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... 学び始める
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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学び始める
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: 学び始める
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... 学び始める
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... 学び始める
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Post-subcultural generation... 学び始める
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... 学び始める
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学び始める
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... 学び始める
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学び始める
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usually followed by a slogan.
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学び始める
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are based on visual style.
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial 学び始める
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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学び始める
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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学び始める
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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学び始める
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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学び始める
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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