Facts and Figures (eng. 01)

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質問 English 答え English
Which base is found almost exclusively in RNA?
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uracil
Uracil is a nucleotide, which are the building blocks of DNA, except uracil replaces thymine in RNA. So uracil is the nucleotide that is found almost exclusively in RNA.
How many carbon atoms does Uracil comprise?
paɪˈrɪmɪˌdiːn
Some well-known pyrimidine compounds include cytosine, thymine, and uracil, present in nucleic acids; thiamine (vitamin B1); and sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine, drugs used in therapy of bacterial and viral diseases.
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4
paɪˈrɪmɪˌdiːn
Pyrimidine, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms. The simplest member of the family is pyrimidine itself, with molecular formula C4H4N2.
a polyhedron with 20 faces
Zwanzigflächner
The name comes from Ancient Greek εἴκοσι meaning "twenty" and from Ancient Greek ἕδρα meaning "seat".
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Icosahedron
Ikosaeder [ikozaˈʔeːdɐ] «aɪˌkɒsəˈhiːdrən»
In geometry, the great icosahedron is one of four Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra.
Which base is found exclusively in DNA?
Also known as 5-methyluracil, it is a pyrimidine nucleobase, which pairs with adenine (A), a purine nucleobase.
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thymine
In thymine, the groups at C-4 and C-2 are hydrogen acceptors, and N-3 is a hydrogen donor. (Only two of these sites, C-4 and N–3, are used to form base pairs in DNA.)
Unlike uracil, at the 5' thymine has a
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methyl group
Thymine has a methyl group at the 5’ position, distinguishing it from uracil, which has hydrogen at that position.
UV rays on DNA may trigger the formation of
When exposed to ultraviolet radiation, covalent bonds are formed between adjacent thymine molecules on the same strand of DNA.
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pyrimidine dimers
In case of thymine adjacent to a cytosine, the resulting fusion is a thymine-cytosine dimer in which the thymine is linked via its carbon atom 6 to the carbon atom 4 of cytosine.
English doctor, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination and the father of immunology
A satirical cartoon of 1802 showed people who had been vaccinated sprouting cow's heads.
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Edward Jenner
Jenner carried out research in a number of other areas of medicine and was also keen on fossil collecting and horticulture. He died on 26 January 1823.
What is «the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field»?
It is used in laboratories to separate macromolecules based on size.
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electrophoresis
Isoenzymes are generally identified in the clinical laboratory by electrophoresis.
alternative forms of the same enzyme activity that exist in different proportions in different tissues.
They are generally identified in the clinical laboratory by electrophoresis.
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isoenzymes
Isoenzymes differ in amino acid composition and sequence and multimeric quaternary structure; mostly, but not always, they have similar (conserved) structures.
It is the simplest of all ketones
This molecule is only transient, as the end products are carbon dioxide and water, but clever physicians may detect metabolic disorders by the distinctive, somewhat sweet smell of elevated concentrations on the breath of a patient.
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acetone
In 1916 the petrochemical industry was still in its infancy and a fairly inefficient method using calcium acetate as the staring material was used to make acetone.
Coordinate covalent bonds form when one atom provides
Donator-Akzeptor-Bindung bilden sich, wenn ein Atom «ein freies Elektronenpaar» bereitstellt.
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a lone pair of electrons.
It is not as if the two conventional bonds in the CO molecule are stronger or different in any other way than the coordinate covalent bond.
the Finnish 19-letter word saippuakivikauppias, is the world's longest
5’ – G A A T T C – 3’ 3’ – C T T A A G – 5’
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palindrome
Recently a research genome sequencing project discovered that many of the bases on the Y-chromosome are arranged as palindromes
ancient egypt: the host of god itself
heilige Stier
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Apis Bull
According to one myth, the Apis was the living embodiment of Ptah while he lived and Osiris when he died.
ancient egypt: protective goddess
The ancient Egyptians placed great value on cats as they protected the crops and slowed the spread of disease by killing vermin.
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Bastet
Bubastis was the capital of ancient Egypt for a time during the Late Period, and a number of pharaohs included the goddess in their throne names.
Catabolic pathways releasing energy are
not thermodynamically spontaneous
a chemical reaction in which the Gibbs free energy (G) of the products is greater than the Gibbs free energy of the reactants
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exergonic
/ˌek.səˈɡɒn.ɪk/
An exothermic reaction is an exergonic reaction in which energy is released in the form of heat.
Anabolic pathways absorbing energy are
thermodynamically spontaneous
a chemical reaction in which the Gibbs free energy (G) of the products is smaller than the Gibbs free energy of the reactants
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endergonic
/ˌen.dəˈɡɒn.ɪk/
The term anabolism refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.
Who invented the PCR technology?
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Kary (B.) Mullis
In 1985, Kary Mullis invented the process known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which a small amount of DNA can be copied in large quantities over a short period of time.
The conquest of Constantinople was led by Sultan
His swan song victory came in 1480, when he triumphed in Otranto, Italy, and was next planning moves to draw closer to Rome.
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Mehmed II.
On May 29 1453, Constantinople finally fell, earning Mehmed II the well-deserved title of "conqueror."
How many times is the average size of bacteria larger than that of viruses?
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30
An average virus is about eight times bigger than a ribosome, whereas the average bacteria is about 30 times bigger than your average virus.
Along with adenine and cytosine, it is present in both DNA and RNA
it provides a pearly iridescent effect. It is also used in metallic paints and simulated pearls and plastics.
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guanine
With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds.
It binds to cytosine through three hydrogen bonds.
it provides a pearly iridescent effect. It is also used in metallic paints and simulated pearls and plastics.
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guanine
In guanine, the group at C-6 is a hydrogen acceptor, and N-1 and the amino group at C-2 are hydrogen donors.
In Watson-Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.
(an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2)
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cytosine
The amino groups of adenine and cytosine are hydrogen donors, and the ring nitrogen atoms (N-1 in adenine and N-3 in cytosine) are hydrogen acceptors. Cytosine also has a hydrogen acceptor group at C-2
the causative organism for tuberculosis
The bacterium is also known as "Koch's bacillus".
The rising number of drug-resistant TB cases warrants novel strategies urgently to eliminate Mtb.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid.
the causative agent for lockjaw
a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, typically up to 0.5 μm wide and 2.5 μm long
If inoculated into a wound, the spindle can grow and produce a potent toxin, tetanospasmin, which interferes with motor neurons.
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Clostridium tetani
In World War I, injection of tetanus antiserum from horses was widely used as a prophylaxis against tetanus in wounded soldiers, leading to a dramatic decrease in tetanus cases over the course of the war.

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