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upadek, spadek
学び始める
decline
He went into a decline after his wife’s death and he died a year later. As an industrial power, the country is in decline (kraj chyli się ku upadkowi). ▶ upadek spadek pogorszenie zmniejszanie się
decline1 /dɪˈklaɪn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (a) decline (in sth) a process or period of becoming weaker, smaller or less good a decline in sales
pogarszać się, odmawiać
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decline
2[intransitive, transitive] (formal) to refuse, usually politely Thank you for the invitation but I’m afraid I have to decline. The minister declined to make a statement. (odmówił wydania oświadczenia) ▶ odmawiać
1 [intransitive] to become weaker, smaller or less good declining profits The standard of education has declined in this country. ▶ pogarszać się zmniejszać się maleć
odszyfrowywać, odkodowywać
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decrypt, decode
decode /ˌdi:ˈkəʊd; US / verb [transitive] to find the meaning of a secret message ▶ odszyfrowywać odkodowywać  OPPOSITE  encode
dekoder
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decoder
decoder /ˌdi:ˈkəʊdə(r); US / noun [countable] a device that changes electronic signals into a form that can be understood a satellite/video decoder ▶ dekoder
rozkładać się
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decompose
□ decomposition /ˌdi: kɒmpəˈzɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] the decomposition of organic waste ▶ rozkład rozpad
decompose /ˌdi: kəmˈpəʊz; US / verb [intransitive] to slowly be destroyed by natural chemical processes The body was so badly decomposed that it couldn’t be identified. ▶ rozkładać się
dekonstrukcja
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deconstruction
□ deconstruction /ˌdi: kənˈstrʌkʃn/ noun [uncountable] (in literature and philosophy) a theory that states that it is impossible for a text to have one fixed meaning, and emphasizes the role of the reader in the production of meaning ▶ dekonstrukcja
deconstruct /di: kənˈstrʌkt/ verb [transitive] (in literature and philosophy) to analyse a text in order to show that there is no fixed meaning within the text but that the meaning is created each time in the act of reading ▶ przeprowadzać dekonstrukcję
ozdabiać, dekorować
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decorate
2[intransitive, transitive] (especially Brit.) to put paint and/or coloured paper onto walls, ceilings and doors in a room or building I think it’s about time we decorated the living room. ▶ malować i/lub tapetować remontować
decorate /ˈdekəreɪt; US / verb ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1[transitive] decorate sth (with sth) to add sth in order to make a thing more attractive to look at Decorate the cake with cherries and nuts. ▶ ozdabiać dekorować
ozdoba, dekoracja
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decoration
2[uncountable] the process of decorating a room or building; the style in which sth is decorated The house is in need of decoration. The theatre has been renovated in the style of the original decoration. ▶ malowanie i/lub tapetowanie wystrój remont
1 [countable, uncountable] something that is added to sth in order to make it look more attractive Christmas decorations ▶ ozdoba dekoracja
ozdobny, dekoracyjny
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decorative
decorative /ˈdekərətɪv; US -reɪt- / adj. attractive or pretty to look at The cloth had a decorative lace edge. ▶ ozdobny dekoracyjny
dekorator, wnętrz
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decorator
decorator /ˈdekəreɪtə(r); US / noun [countable] a person whose job is to paint and decorate houses and buildings ▶ dekorator/ka wnętrz
zmniejszać się, spadać
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decrease
decrease1 /dɪˈkri: s; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] As the temperature decreases, the metal contracts. Profits have decreased by 15%. Decrease speed when you are approaching a road junction. ▶ zmniejszać (się) spadać
spadek / zmniejszenie
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decrease
decrease2 /ˈdi: kri: s; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (a) decrease (in sth) the process of becoming or making sth smaller or less; the amount that sth is reduced by a decrease in the number of students a 10% decrease in sales ▶ spadek
rozporządzenie, dekret
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decree
decree /dɪˈkri:; US / noun [countable] an official order given by a government, a ruler, etc. ▶ rozporządzenie dekret □ decree verb [transitive] (past tense, past participle decreed) ▶ rozporządzać zadekretować
zalegalizować
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decriminalize
□ decriminalization (also decriminalisation) /di:ˌkrɪmɪnəlaɪˈzeɪʃn; US -ləˈz- / noun [uncountable] ▶ legalizacja
decriminalize (also decriminalise) /di:ˈkrɪmɪnəlaɪz; US / verb [transitive] to change the law so that sth is no longer illegal There are moves to decriminalize some soft drugs. ▶ zalegalizować  OPPOSITE  criminalize
poświęcać, dedykować
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dedicate
2dedicate sth to sb to say that sth is specially for sb He dedicated the book he had written to his brother. ▶ dedykować poświęcać
dedicate /ˈdedɪkeɪt; US / verb [transitive] 1dedicate sth to sth to give all your energy, time, efforts, etc. to sth He dedicated his life to helping the poor. ▶ poświęcać
zaangażowany, poświęcony
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committed, dedicated
dedicated /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd; US / adj. giving a lot of your energy, time, efforts, etc. to sth that you believe to be important dedicated nurses and doctors ▶ zaangażowany (w coś) poświęcający się (czemuś) oddany
zaangażowanie, dedykacja
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dedication
2[countable] a message at the beginning of a book or piece of music saying that it is for a particular person ▶ dedykacja
dedication /ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the hard work and effort that sb puts into an activity or purpose because they think it is important I admire her dedication to her career. ▶ zaangażowanie poświęcenie się (czemuś) oddanie
wnioskować, dedukować
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to deduce
deduce /dɪˈdju: s; US -du: s / verb [transitive] to form an opinion using the facts that you already know From his name I deduced that he was Polish. ▶ wnioskować dedukować ⇨ noun deduction
odejmować, potrącać
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deduct
deduct /dɪˈdʌkt; US / verb [transitive] deduct sth (from sth) to take sth such as money or points away from a total amount Income tax is deducted from your salary. Marks will be deducted for untidy work. ▶ odejmować potrącać
dedukcja, odpisanie
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deduction
2deduction (from sth) taking away an amount or number from a total; the amount or number taken away from the total What is your total income after deductions? ▶ odjęcie potrącenie odliczenie odpisanie
1 something that you work out from facts that you already know; the ability to think in this way It was a brilliant piece of deduction by the detective. ▶ dedukcja wniosek wnioskowanie ⇨ verb deduce
głęboki
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deep
3 measuring a particular amount from top to bottom or from front to back shelves 40 centimetres deep The water is only a metre deep (basen ma tylko metr głębokości) here. ▶ głęboki (na ileś metrów) 4 low a deep voice ▶ głęboki niski
1 going a long way down from the surface the deep end of a swimming pool to dig a deep hole That’s a deep cut. a coat with deep pockets ▶ głęboki ⇨ noun depth 2 going a long way from front to back deep shelves ▶ głęboki
głęboko
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deep
deep2 /di: p; US / adv. a long way down or inside sth He gazed deep into her eyes. He dug his hands deep into his pockets. ▶ głęboko
pogłębiać
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deepen
deepen /ˈdi: pən; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to become or to make sth deep or deeper The river deepens here. This bad news deepened the atmosphere of depression. ▶ pogłębiać (nastrój) powiększać (się)
zamrażarka
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a freezer
freezer /ˈfri: zə(r); US / (also ˌdeep ˈfreeze) noun [countable] a metal container with a door in which food, etc. is kept frozen so that it stays fresh ▶ zamrażarka zamrażalnik ⇨ look at fridge
głęboko zakorzeniony
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deeply rooted
ˌdeep-ˈrooted (also ˌdeep-ˈseated) adj. strongly felt or believed and therefore difficult to change deep-rooted fears deep-seated prejudices ▶ głęboko zakorzeniony
jeleń
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deer
A male deer is called a buck or, especially if it has fully-grown antlers, a stag. The female is a doe and a young deer is a fawn. Venison is the meat from deer.
deer /dɪə(r); US / noun [countable] (pl. deer) a large wild animal that eats grass. The male has antlers on its head. ▶ jeleń
oszpecać
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deface
deface /dɪˈfeɪs; US / verb [transitive] to spoil the way sth looks by writing on or marking its surface Vandals defaced the statue with graffiti. ▶ oszpecać
zniesławienie, szkalowanie
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defamation, defamation
defamation /ˌdefəˈmeɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable, countable] (formal) the act of damaging the opinion that people have of sb by saying or writing bad or false things about them He sued for defamation of character. ▶ zniesławienie szkalowanie
szkalujący, oszczerczy
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defamatory, slanderous
defamatory /dɪˈfæmətri; US -tɔ: ri / adj. (formal) (used about speech or writing) intended to harm sb by saying or writing bad or false things about them The article was highly defamatory. ▶ zniesławiający szkalujący oszczerczy
ustawienie standardowe
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default
 IDIOMS  by default because nothing happened, not because of successful effort They won by default, because the other team didn’t turn up. ▶ walkowerem
default1 /dɪˈfɔ: lt; US / noun [sing.] a course of action taken by a computer when it is not given any other instruction ▶ (komput.) ustawienie standardowe
pokonać, zwyciężać
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defeat
2 to be too difficult for sb to understand I’ve tried to work out what’s wrong with the car but it defeats me. ▶ być zbyt trudnym 3 to prevent sth from succeeding The local residents are determined to defeat the council’s building plans. ▶ udaremniać
1 to win a game, a fight, a vote, etc. against sb The army defeated the rebels after three days of fighting. In the last match France defeated Wales. ▶ pokonywać zwyciężać  SYNONYM  beat
porażka
学び始める
defeat
2[uncountable] the act of losing or not being successful She refused to admit defeat and kept on trying. ▶ porażka niepowodzenie
1[countable] an occasion when sb fails to win or be successful against sb else This season they have had two victories and three defeats. ▶ porażka klęska
defetyzm
学び始める
defeatism
defeatism /dɪˈfi: tɪzəm; US / noun [uncountable] the attitude of expecting sth to end in failure ▶ defetyzm
defetystyczny
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defeatist
defeatist /dɪˈfi: tɪst; US / adj. expecting not to succeed a defeatist attitude/view ▶ defetystyczny □ defeatist noun [countable] Don’t be such a defeatist, we haven’t lost yet! ▶ defetyst(k)a
oddawać stolec
学び始める
defecate
defecate /ˈdefəkeɪt; US / verb [intransitive] (formal) to get rid of waste from the body; to go to the toilet ▶ oddawać stolec
wada, defekt
学び始める
defect
□ defective /dɪˈfektɪv; US / adj. If you find any of our goods to be defective, please return them to the shop. ▶ wadliwy wybrakowany
defect1 /ˈdi: fekt; US / noun [countable] sth that is wrong with or missing from sb/sth defects in the education system a speech defect wada wymowy ▶ wada mankament skaza defekt
wadliwy, wybrakowany
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defective, defective
□ defectively /; US / adv. ▶ wadliwie —defectiveness /; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ wadliwość
defective /dɪˈfektɪv; US / adj. having a fault or faults; not perfect or complete defective goods Her hearing was found to be slightly defective. ▶ wadliwy wybrakowany  SYNONYM  faulty
obrona
学び始める
defense
2[countable] a defence (against sth) something that protects sb/sth from sth, or that is used to fight against attack the body’s defences against disease ▶ system obrony umocnienia
1[uncoun.] something that you do or say to protect sb/sth Would you fight in defence of your country? When her brother was criticized she leapt to his defence. I must say in her defence that I have always found her a very reliable employee. ▶ obrona
bezbronny
学び始める
defenceless
defenceless /dɪˈfensləs; US / adj. unable to defend yourself against attack ▶ bezbronny
bronić
学び始める
to defend
2[transitive] defend sb/sth/yourself (against/from sb/sth) to say or write sth to support sb/sth that has been criticized The minister went on TV to defend the government’s policy. ▶ bronić
1 [transitive] defend sb/sth/yourself (against/from sb/sth) to protect sb/sth from harm or danger Would you be able to defend yourself if someone attacked you in the street? ▶ bronić
obrońca
学び始める
defender
defender /dɪˈfendə(r); US / noun [countable] a person who defends sb/sth, especially in sport ▶ obroń-ca/czyni
obronny
学び始める
defensive
1 that protects sb/sth from attack The troops took up a defensive position. ▶ obronny 2 showing that you feel that sb is criticizing you When I asked him about his new job, he became very defensive and tried to change the subject. ▶ defensywny
niedobór, niedostatek
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deficiency, scarcity
2[countable] a fault or a weakness in sb/sth The problems were caused by deficiencies in the design. ▶ niedoskonałość wada
(pl. deficiencies) deficiency (in/of sth) 1[countable, uncountable] the state of not having enough of sth; a lack a deficiency of vitamin C ▶ niedobór niedostatek brak
niekompletny
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deficient
1 deficient (in sth) not having enough of sth food that is deficient in minerals ▶ wykazujący niedobór 2 not good enough or not complete ▶ niedoskonały niekompletny
deficyt
学び始める
deficit
deficit /ˈdefɪsɪt; US / noun [countable] the amount by which the money you receive is less than the money you have spent a trade deficit ▶ deficyt
określać, definiować
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define, define
1 to say exactly what a word or idea means How would you define ‘ happiness’? ▶ definiować 2 to explain the exact nature of sth clearly We need to define the problem before we can attempt to solve it. ▶ określać
ostateczny, definitywny
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definite
1 fixed and unlikely to change; certain I’ll give you a definite decision in a couple of days. ▶ ostateczny definitywny 2 clear; easy to see or notice There has been a definite change in her attitude recently. ▶ wyraźny zdecydowany
zdecydowanie
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definitely
definitely /ˈdefɪnətli; US / adv. certainly; without doubt I’ll definitely consider your advice. We definitely can’t afford such a high price. ▶ na pewno zdecydowanie
definicja
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definition
definition /ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a description of the exact meaning of a word or idea ▶ definicja
ostateczny, szczytowy
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definitive
□ definitively /; US / adv. ▶ ostatecznie stanowczo
definitive /dɪˈfɪnətɪv; US / adj. in a form that cannot be changed or that cannot be improved This is the definitive version (wersja ostateczna). the definitive performance of Hamlet najlepsze do tej pory wystawienie „Hamleta“ ostateczny szczytowy
wypuszczać powietrze
学び始める
deflate
2[transitive] to make sb feel less confident, proud or excited I felt really deflated when I got my exam results. ▶ przygasić zbić z tropu
1 [intransitive, transitive] to become or to make sth smaller by letting the air or gas out of it The balloon slowly deflated. Z balonu uszło powietrze. Someone’s deflated all my tyres! ▶ wypuszczać powietrze  OPPOSITE  inflate
zbaczać, odchylać się
学び始める
deflect
2[transitive] to turn sb’s attention away from sth Nothing could deflect her from her aim. ▶ odwracać (uwagę) odwodzić
1 [intransitive, transitive] to change direction after hitting sb/sth; to make sth change direction in this way The ball deflected off a defender and into the goal. ▶ odbijać (się) i zmieniać kierunek lotu zbaczać odchylać (się) skręcać w bok
odchylenie, odbicie
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deflection
deflection /dɪˈflekʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a change of direction after hitting sb/sth The ball took a deflection off a player. ▶ odchylenie odbicie zboczenie
wycinanie lasów
学び始める
deforestation
deforestation /ˌdi:ˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] cutting down trees over a large area Deforestation is a major cause of global warming. ▶ wycinanie lasów ⇨ note at environment
zniekształcać
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deform
deform /dɪˈfɔ: m; US / verb [transitive] to change or spoil the natural shape of sth ▶ zniekształcać deformować
zniekształcony
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deformed
deformed /dɪˈfɔ: md; US / adj. having a shape that is not normal because it has grown wrongly ▶ zniekształcony zdeformowany
zniekształcenie, niedorozwój
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deformity
The drug caused women to give birth to babies with severe deformities. ▶ zniekształcenie deformacja kalectwo
deformity /dɪˈfɔ: məti; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. deformities) the condition of having a part of the body that is an unusual shape because of disease, injury, etc.
oszukiwać, defraudować
学び始める
defraud
defraud /dɪˈfrɔ: d; US / verb [transitive] defraud sb (of sth) to get sth from sb in a dishonest way He defrauded the company of millions. Okradł firmę na miliony. ▶ oszukiwać defraudować
rozmrażać
学び始める
defrost
2[transitive] to remove the ice from sth to defrost a fridge ▶ odmrażać rozmrażać
1 [intransitive, transitive] (used about frozen food) to return to a normal temperature; to make food do this Defrost the chicken thoroughly before cooking. ▶ rozmrażać (się)
rozładowywać, rozbrajać
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defuse
defuse /ˌdi:ˈfju: z / verb [transit] 1 to make a situation calmer or less dangerous She defused the tension by changing the subject. ▶ rozładowywać 2 to remove part of a bomb so that it cannot explode Army experts defused the bomb safely. ▶ rozbrajać
przeciwstawiać się
学び始める
defy
2 to make sth impossible or very difficult It’s such a beautiful place that it defies description. ▶ być nie do (np. opisania)
defy /dɪˈfaɪ; US / verb [transitive] (defying; defies; past tense, past participle defied) 1 to refuse to obey sb/sth She defied her parents and continued seeing Brendan. ▶ przeciwstawiać się sprzeciwiać się ⇨ adjective defiant, noun defiance

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