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eˌlectric ˈshock (also shock) noun [countable] a sudden painful feeling that you get if electricity goes through your body That light switch isn’t safe. Don’t touch it or you’ll get an electric shock! ▶ porażenie (prądem)

electrify /ɪˈlektrɪfaɪ; US / verb [transitive] (electrifying; electrifies; past tense, past participle electrified) 1 to supply sth with electricity The railways are being electrified. ▶ elektryfikować

electrocute /ɪˈlektrəkju: t; US / verb [transitive] to kill sb with electricity that goes through the body Don’t touch that wire! You’ll electrocute yourself. ▶ razić (śmiertelnie) prądem elektrycznym

electrode /ɪˈlektrəʊd; US / noun [countable] one of two points where an electric current enters or leaves a battery, etc. ▶ elektroda

electromagnetic /ɪˌlektrəʊmæɡˈnetɪk; US / adj. having both electrical and magnetic characteristics (or properties) an electromagnetic wave/field electromagnetic radiation ▶ elektromagnetyczny

electron /ɪˈlektrɒn; US / noun [countable] part of an atom, that carries a negative electric charge ▶ elektron ⇨ look at neutron, proton

electronic /ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk; US / adj. 1 using electronics electronic equipment This dictionary is available in electronic form. ▶ elektroniczny 2 done using a computer electronic banking/shopping ▶ przez internet internetowy

electronics /ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪks; US / noun [uncountable] the technology used to produce computers, radios, etc. the electronics industry ▶ elektronika

elegant /ˈelɪɡənt; US / adj. having a good or attractive style She looked very elegant in her new dress. an elegant coat ▶ elegancki stylowy

elegy /ˈelədʒi; US / noun [countable] (pl. elegies) a poem or song that expresses sadness, especially for sb who has died ▶ elegia

1 [countable] one important part of sth Cost is an important element when we’re thinking about holidays. ▶ część element 2[countable, usually sing.] an element of sth a small amount of sth

4 [countable] one of the simple chemical substances, for example iron, gold, etc. ▶ pierwiastek 5[countable] the metal part of a piece of electrical equipment that produces heat The kettle needs a new element. ▶ grzałka

elementary /ˌelɪˈmentri; US / adj. 1 connected with the first stages of learning sth an elementary course in English a book for elementary students ▶ podstawowy 2 basic; not difficult elementary physics ▶ elementarny

elephant /ˈelɪfənt; US / noun [countable] a very large grey animal with big ears, two tusks and a trunk ▶ słoń

elevate /ˈelɪveɪt; US / verb [transitive] (formal) to move sb/sth to a higher place or more important position an elevated platform an elevated railway kolej nadziemna He was elevated to the Board of Directors. ▶ wynosić podnosić  SYN raise

elevation /ˌelɪˈveɪʃn; US / noun 1 [countable, uncountable] (formal) the process of moving to a higher place or more important position his elevation to the presidency ▶ wyniesienie wzniosłość

eleven /ɪˈlevn; US / number 11 ▶ jedenaście ⇨ note at six □ eleventh /ɪˈlevnɵ; US / 1 ordinal number 11th ▶ jedenasty ⇨ note at sixth 2 noun [countable] 1/11; one of eleven equal parts of sth ▶ (jedna) jedenasta

elf /elf; US / noun [countable] (pl. elves /elvz; US /) (in stories) a small creature with pointed ears who has magic powers ▶ elf krasnoludek duszek

eligible /ˈelɪdʒəbl; US / adj. eligible (for sth/to do sth) having the right to do or have sth If you earn under a certain amount, you may be eligible for tax relief. In Britain, you are eligible to vote when you are eighteen.

eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ verb [transitive] 1 to remove sb/sth that is not wanted or needed We must try and eliminate the problem. ▶ usuwać wykluczać

elite /eɪˈli: t; US / noun [countable, with sing. or pl. verb] a social group that is thought to be the best or most important because of its power, money, intelligence, etc. the ruling elite an intellectual elite ▶ elita

elitism /eɪˈli: tɪzəm; US / noun [uncountable] the belief that some people should be treated in a special way ▶ elitaryzm □ elitist /-ɪst; US / noun [countable], adj. ▶ zwolenni-k/czka elitaryzmu elitarny

elk /elk; US / (US moose /mu: s; US /) noun [countable] a very large deer with large flat horns on its head ▶ łoś

ellipse /ɪˈlɪps; US / noun [countable] (technical) a regular oval shape ▶ elipsa

elliptical /ɪˈlɪptɪkl; US / adj. 1 with a word or words left out of a sentence deliberately He made an elliptical remark. ▶ (przen.) eliptyczny 2(also elliptic /ɪˈlɪptɪk; US /) connected with or in the form of an ellipse ▶ eliptyczny

elm /elm; US / (also ˈelm tree) noun [countable] a tall tree with large leaves ▶ wiąz

elongate /ˈi: lɒŋɡeɪt; US ɪˈl- / verb [intransitive, transitive] to become longer; to make sth longer ▶ wydłużać (się)  SYNONYM  lengthen

elongated /ˈi: lɒŋɡeɪtɪd; US ɪˈl- / adj. long and thin ▶ wydłużony

eloquent /ˈeləkwənt; US / adj. (formal) able to use language and express your opinions well, especially when you speak in public ▶ wymowny elokwentny

else /els;/ adv. [used after words formed with any-, every-, no-, some- and after question words] another, different person, thing or place Does anybody else (czy ktoś jeszcze) know about this?

elsewhere /ˌelsˈweə(r); US / adv. in or to another place If she doesn’t like it here, she can go elsewhere. He’s travelled a lot – in Europe and elsewhere (i innych kontynentach). ▶ gdzie indziej

elusive /iˈlu: sɪv; US / adj. not easy to catch, find or remember ▶ nieuchwytny

emanate /ˈeməneɪt; US / verb [transitive] (formal) to produce or show sth He emanates confidence. ▶ emanować

emancipate /ɪˈmænsɪpeɪt; US / verb [transitive] (formal) to give sb the same legal, social and political rights as other people ▶ emancypować usamodzielniać wyzwalać

embalm /ɪmˈbɑ: m; US / verb [transitive] to prevent a dead body from being slowly destroyed by treating it with special substances ▶ balsamować □ embalmer /; US / noun [countable] ▶ balsamist(k)a

embankment /ɪmˈbæŋkmənt; US / noun [countable] a wall of stone or earth that is built to stop a river from spreading into an area that should be dry or to carry a road or railway ▶ nabrzeże nasyp

embargo /ɪmˈbɑ:ɡəʊ; US / noun [countable] (pl. embargoes) an official order to stop doing business with another country to impose an embargo on arms sales to lift/remove an embargo ▶ zakaz (importu, wywozu) embargo

embark /ɪmˈbɑ: k / verb [intransitive] to get on a ship Passengers with cars and caravans must embark first. ▶ wsiadać na statek okrętować się  OPPOSITE  disembark

embarrass /ɪmˈbærəs; US / verb [transitive] to make sb feel uncomfortable or shy Don’t ever embarrass me in front of my friends again! The Minister’s mistake embarrassed the government. ▶ żenować wprawiać w zakłopotanie

embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst; US / adj. embarrassed (about/at sth); embarrassed (to do sth) feeling uncomfortable or shy because of sth silly you have done, because people are looking at you, etc. I felt so embarrassed when I dropped my glass.

embarrassing /ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ; US / adj. ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW making you feel uncomfortable or shy an embarrassing question/mistake ▶ żenujący wprawiający w zakłopotanie □ embarrassingly /; US / adv. ▶ żenująco krępująco kłopotliwie

embarrassment /ɪmˈbærəsmənt; US / noun ⇨ 1[uncountable] the feeling you have when you are embarrassed I nearly died of embarrassment when he said that. ▶ zażenowanie zakłopotanie

embassy /ˈembəsi; US / noun [countable] (pl. embassies) (the official building of) a group of diplomats and the ambassador, who represent their government in a foreign country ▶ ambasada ⇨ look at consulate

embed /ɪmˈbed; US / verb [transitive] (embedding; embedded) [usually passive] to fix sth firmly and deeply (in sth else) The axe was embedded in the piece of wood. ▶ wbijać wmurowywać osadzać

embellish /ɪmˈbelɪʃ; US / verb [transitive] (formal) 1 to make sth more beautiful by adding decoration to it The huge carved door was embellished with brass door knockers. ▶ ozdabiać  SYNONYM  decorate

□ embellishment /; US / noun [uncountable, countable] ▶ ozdabianie ozdobienie upiększ-anie/enie

ember /ˈembə(r); US / noun [countable, usually pl.] a piece of wood or coal that is not burning, but is still red and hot after a fire has died He threw another log onto the glowing embers. ▶ żarzące się węgle żar

embezzle /ɪmˈbezl; US / verb [transitive] to steal money that you are responsible for or that belongs to your employer ▶ sprzeniewierzać defraudować □ embezzlement /; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ sprzeniewierzenie defraudacja malwersacja

embittered /ɪmˈbɪtəd; US / adj. angry or disappointed about sth over a long period of time a sick and embittered old man an embittered laugh ▶ zgorzkniały rozgoryczony rozżalony

emblem /ˈembləm; US / noun [countable] an object or symbol that represents sth The dove is the emblem of peace. ▶ godło symbol

embody /ɪmˈbɒdi; US / verb [transitive] (embodying; embodies; past tense, past participle embodied) (formal) 1 to be a very good example of sth To me she embodies all the best qualities of a teacher. ▶ uosabiać ucieleśniać

embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs; US / verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to put your arms around sb as a sign of love, happiness, etc. ▶ obejmować 2[transitive] (formal) to accept sth with enthusiasm She embraced Christianity in her later years. ▶ przyjmować

embroider /ɪmˈbrɔɪdə(r)/ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to decorate cloth by sewing a pattern or picture on it an embroidered blouse ▶ haftować 2[transitive] to add details that are not true to a story to make it more interesting ▶ upiększać

embryo /ˈembriəʊ; US / noun [countable] (pl. embryos /-əʊz; US /) a baby, an animal or a plant in the early stages of development before birth ▶ embrion zarodek ⇨ look at foetus

embryonic /ˌembriˈɒnɪk; US / adj. [usually before a noun] 1(formal) in an early stage of development The plan, as yet, only exists in embryonic form. ▶ (przen.) zarodkowy 2 of anembryo embryonic cells ▶ embrionalny zarodkowy

emerald /ˈemərəld; US / noun [countable] a bright green precious stone ▶ szmaragd □ emerald (also ˌemerald ˈgreen) adj. an emerald green dress ▶ (kolor) szmaragdowy

emerge /iˈmɜ: dʒ;/ verb [intransitive] emerge (from sth) 1 to appear or come out from somewhere A man emerged from the shadows. • (figurative) The country emerged from the war in ruins. ▶ wyłaniać się wychodzić (np. z opresji) pojawiać się powstać

emergency /iˈmɜ: dʒənsi; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. emergencies) a serious event that needs immediate action In an emergency (w razie wypadku) phone 999 for help.

code2 /kəʊd; US / verb [transitive] 1 to use a particular system for identifying things The files are colour-coded: blue for Europe, green for Africa. ▶ kodować

eˈmergency services noun [pl.] (Brit.) the public organizations that deal with emergencies: the police, fire, ambulance and coastguard services ▶ służby ratownicze

emergent /iˈmɜ: dʒənt; US / adj. [usually before a noun] new and still developing emergent nations/states ▶ wyłaniający się

emigrant /ˈemɪɡrənt; US / noun [countable] a person who has gone to live in another country ▶ emigrant/ka ⇨ look at immigrant

emigrate /ˈemɪɡreɪt; US / verb [intransitive] emigrate (from...) (to...) to leave your own country to go and live in another They emigrated from Ireland to Australia twenty years ago. ▶ emigrować ⇨ look at migrate

eminent /ˈemɪnənt; US / adj. (formal) (used about a person) famous and important an eminent scientist ▶ wybitny sławny

emit /iˈmɪt; US / verb [transitive] (emitting; emitted) (formal) to send out sth, for example a smell, a sound, smoke, heat or light The animal emits a powerful smell when scared. ▶ emitować wydawać

emotion /ɪˈməʊʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountab] a strong feeling such as love, anger, fear, etc. to control/express your emotions

emotional /ɪˈməʊʃənl; US / adj. 1 connected with people’s feelings emotional problems ▶ uczuciowy emocjonalny 2 causing strong feelings Kelly gave an emotional speech. ▶ poruszający

□ emotionally /-ʃənəli; US / adv. She felt physically and emotionally drained after giving birth. ▶ uczuciowo emocjonalnie

emotive /iˈməʊtɪv; US / adj. causing strong feelings emotive language an emotive issue ▶ wzruszający

□ empathize (also empathise) /ˈempəɵaɪz; US / verb [intransitive] empathize (with sb/sth) He’s a popular teacher because he empathizes with his students. ▶ utożsamiać się wczuwać się (w czyjąś sytuację)

empathy /ˈempəɵi; US / noun [uncountable] empathy (with/for sb/sth); empathy (between A and B) the ability to imagine how another person is feeling and so understand their mood

emperor /ˈempərə(r); US / noun [countable] the ruler of an empire ▶ cesarz

/ˈemfəsɪs/ noun [cou, unc] (pl. emphases /-si:z/) 1emphasis (on sth) special importance or attention (to sth) There’s a lot of emphasis on science at our school. You should put a greater emphasis on quality rather than quantity when you write.

emphasize (also emphasise) /ˈemfəsaɪz/ verb [transitive] emphasize (that...) to put emphasis on sth They emphasized that healthy eating is important. They emphasized the importance of healthy eating. ▶ podkreślać kłaść nacisk na coś uwydatniać

emphatic /ɪmˈfætɪk; US / adj. said or expressed in a strong way an emphatic refusal/denial ▶ stanowczy emfatyczny □ emphatically /-kli; US / adv. ▶ stanowczo emfatycznie

empire /ˈempaɪə(r); US / noun [countable] 1 a group of countries that is governed by one country the Roman Empire ▶ cesarstwo imperium ⇨ look at emperor, empress 2 a very large company or group of companies a business empire ▶ imperium

empirical /ɪmˈpɪrɪkl; US / adj. (formal) based on experiments and practical experience, not on ideas empirical evidence ▶ empiryczny namacalny

employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ / verb [transiti] 1employ sb (in/on sth); employ sb (as sth) to pay sb to work for you They employ 600 workers. Three people are employed on the task of designing a new computer system. He is employed as a lorry driver. ▶ zatrudniać

employee /ɪmˈplɔɪi:; US / noun [countable] a person who works for sb The factory has 500 employees. ▶ pracowni-k/ca ⇨ note at job

employer /ɪmˈplɔɪə(r); US / noun [countable] a person or company that employs other people The car factory is the largest employer in this town. ▶ pracodaw-ca/czyni

employment /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt; US / noun [uncountable] 1 the state of having a paid job to be in/out of employment This bank can give employment to ten extra staff. It is difficult to find employment in the north of the country. ▶ zatrudnienie

employment agency noun [countable] a company that helps people to find work and other companies to find workers ▶ biuro pośrednictwa pracy urząd pracy

empower /ɪmˈpaʊə(r); US / verb [transitive, usually passive] (formal) to give sb power or authority (to do sth) ▶ upoważniać umożliwiać uprawniać dawać pełnomocnictwo □ empowerment /; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ upoważnienie

empress /ˈemprəs; US / noun [countable] 1 a woman who rules an empire ▶ cesarzowa 2 the wife of an emperor ▶ cesarzowa

emptiness /; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ pustka

1 having nothing or nobody inside it an empty box The bus was half empty. That house has been empty for months. ▶ pusty opustoszały 2 without meaning or value It was an empty threat. My life feels empty now the children have left home. ▶ pusty

1[trans] empty sth (out/out of sth) to remove everything that is inside a container, etc. Empty that milk into the sink. It’s gone sour. Empty your pockets out, please. Luke emptied everything out of his desk and left. ▶ opróżniać wylewać wyrzucać

ˌempty-ˈhanded adj. without getting what you wanted; without taking sth to sb The robbers fled empty-handed. ▶ (wrócić skądś) z pustymi rękami

emulsify /ɪˈmʌlsɪfaɪ; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] (emulsifying; emulsifies; past tense, past participle emulsified) if two liquids of different thicknessesemulsify orare emulsified, they combine to form a smooth mixture ▶ emulgować (się)

emulsion /ɪˈmʌlʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] 1 a mixture of liquids that do not normally mix together, such as oil and water ▶ emulsja

enable /ɪˈneɪbl; US / verb [transitive] enable sb/sth to do sth to make it possible for sb/sth to do sth The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds. ▶ umożliwiać pozwalać  SYNONYM  allow

enact /ɪˈnækt / verb [tran] 1[often passive] to pass a law legislation enacted by parliament ▶ uchwalać 2[often passive] (formal) to perform a play or act a part in a play scenes from history enacted by local residents ▶ odgrywać (za)grać

enamel /ɪˈnæml; US / noun [uncountable] 1 a hard, shiny substance used for protecting or decorating metal, etc. enamel paint ▶ emalia 2 the hard white outer covering of a tooth ▶ szkliwo emalia

enchant /ɪnˈtʃɑ: nt; US -ˈtʃænt / verb [transitive] 1(formal) to attract sb strongly and make them feel very interested, excited, etc. The happy family scene had enchanted him. ▶ oczarowywać zauroczyć zachwycać  SYNONYM  delight

enchanted /ɪnˈtʃɑ: ntɪd; US -ˈtʃæn- / adj. 1 (in stories) affected by magic powers an enchanted forest ▶ zaczarowany magiczny 2(formal) pleased or very interested The audience was enchanted by her singing. ▶ oczarowany zachwycony

enchanting /ɪnˈtʃɑ: ntɪŋ; US -ˈtʃænt- / adj. very nice or pleasant; attractive ▶ czarujący zachwycający  SYNONYM  delightful

encircle /ɪnˈsɜ: kl; US / verb [transitive] (formal) to make a circle round sth; to surround London is encircled by the M25 motorway. ▶ otaczać okrążać opasywać zataczać koło

encl. (also enc.) abbr. enclosed; used on business letters to show that another document is being sent in the same envelope ▶ w załączniku

enclave /ˈenkleɪv; US / noun [countable] an area of a country or city where the people have a different religion, culture or nationality from those who live in the country or city that surrounds it ▶ enklawa

enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/ verb [tran] 1[usually passive] enclose sth (in sth) to surround sth with a wall, fence, etc.; to put one thing inside another The garden is enclosed by a high hedge. The jewels were enclosed (zamknięte) in a strong box. ▶ ogradzać

enclosure /ɪnˈkləʊʒə(r); US / noun [countable] 1 a piece of land inside a wall, fence, etc. that is used for a particular purpose a wildlife enclosure ▶ teren ogrodzony zagroda działka