Teorie lingwistyczne 2

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質問 English 答え English
syntax
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rules of sentance formation
constituents
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natural grouping of sentance
synatic category
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eg noun phrase
types of grammar
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traditional, prescriptive approach, descriptive approach
immediate constituent analysys
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analyzing small components
deep structure
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We visit doctors. It can be nuisance.
surface structure
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visiting doctors can be nuisance
cognates
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words in different languages that looks similar, brat and brother
comparative reconstruction
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examping corresponding in several of its descendant languages. We have 2 rules here. MAjority principle and the most natural development principle
majority principle
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if in a cognate set of 3 forms begin with the same sound and one form begins with a different sound it means that majoruty have retainedthe original sound and the minority has changed
the most natural development principle
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changes are very common whereas others are extremly unlikely
Great vowel shift
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systematic changes in the pronunciation of English vowels, hus i hałz, late Middle English time
Otto Jesperson
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author of great vowel shift term
development of english
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Old English, Middle English, Early Modern ENglish
semantic change in english
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middle english-meat, modern english-food
broadening
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the word means everything it used to mean and more, eg holiday
narrowing
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the meaning of word become less encompassing eg deer
meaning shift
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word that undergoes a change on meaning eg lust
articulatory phonetics
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how speech sounds are made or articulated
acoustic phonetics
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physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air
auditory (perceptual) phonetics
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perception of speech sound via the air
speech segment
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individual sound that occurs in language
shavian alphabet
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an alphabet made to provide simple phonetic ortography for the English language to replace the difficulties of the convential spelling
George Bernard Shaw
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author of shavian alphabet
place of articulation and manner of articulation
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important criteria to describe consonants
the position of the tongue and the aperture of lips
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important criteria to describe vowels
prosodic or supersegmental features
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length, pitch, complex feature stress
diacritics
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additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as eg stress, tone, length or nasalisation

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