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Scientists have carried out research on.../We have carried out a thorough review of...
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The railways brought about huge change
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The discovery came about by chance
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unusually cold weather accounted for the rise in fuel use
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This report consists of 3 main parts
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The essay focuses on Mahler’s early life...
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(essay) to give more details about smth you have said The essay focuses on Mahler’s early life and expands on previous work by...
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(essay) to use a success as a base from which to achieve more success The essay focuses on Mahler’s early life and builds on previous work by...
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a part (essay) use an area for a particular purpose The final section is devoted to a discussion of...
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to tell smn to look at a book or similar record in order to find information and help In academic writing it is usually necessary to refer to other sources
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to tell smn some information As Brown points out
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to state an idea or opinion or tu suggest a plan Smith puts forward the theory that
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to mention smth/smn without talking about it directly, mention briefly Her letters allude to the fact that
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to say that smth is caused by a particular person This poem was originally attributed to shakespeare
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to support the truth of smth these results bear our earlier findings
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to make it seem likely that a particular fact is true All the evidence points towards human error
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to use information to support or prove an opinion or belief These recommendations are based on the results of extensive research
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to reaxh an agreement about smth Their team arrived at the same conclusions
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to find out more about smth, take more action connected with it The questionnaires were followed up with interviews
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to include smth when you are doing a calculation, or trying to understand smth, consider information We had to factor in the effect of other treatments
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to make a number/list smaller by removing the least important or necessary things Eventually, the age range was narrowed down
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only able to happen if smth else happens/make smth experience an unpleasant or worrying thing All the experiments were subjected to strict controls
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to get rid of, stop using smth you don’t need The team was then able to dispense with paper records
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to introduce smth in stages the new procedures were phased in gradually
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to decide or say that smth is impossible/not suitable don’t rule out phrasal verbs in formal writing
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to help to cause an event, situatiob contribute to an authoritative style
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to cause a particular situation to happen result in admiration from ypur readers
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Spoken-No - say "number" Do you have invoice #322034?
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Spoken-No - say "account" Can you email me the details for a/c number 22-356?
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Spoken-Yes Shareholders voted at the AGM.
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anonymous used when an author or creator is not known Spoken-No - say "anonymous" Primary Colors by Anon. was about Bill Clinton
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Spoken-No - say "apartment" or "number"
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Spoken-Yes Please finish the report ASAP.
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for the attention of used on letters and memos Spoken-No - say "attention"
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Spoken-Sometimes, but usually say "approximately" Expecting approx. 300 people at the conference.
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spoken-No - say "born"
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blind copy to comes from "blind carbon copy" spoken-Yes Can you please bcc human resources in the email?
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around comes from Latin: circa spoken-No - say "circa" or "around"
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spoken-No - say "century"
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copy to comes from "carbon copy" spoken-Yes Make sure you cc the boss.
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spoken-Yes
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compare comes from Latin: confer spoken-No - say "compared with" or "compare" Sales in the third quarter increased (cf. second quarter).
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spoken-Yes CFO on vacation till end of week
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care of used on addresses; sometimes c/- spoken-No - say "care of" Ralph Sawyer c/o Accounts
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spoken-No - say "continued"
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spoken-No - say "died"
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spoken-No - say "department" Send all communications to the publicity dept.
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spoken-No - say "date of birth" Name: John Johanson D.O.B. 25-4-82
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for example comes from Latin: exempli gratia spoken-Sometimes, but usually say "for example" Bring items required for presentation—e.g. laptop, product samples, etc
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spoken-No - say "especially" I miss Japanese food, esp. ramen and sushi!
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spoken-No - say "established" Starbucks (est. 1971) now has about 20,000 stores
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estimated time of arrival spoken english-yes
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and others comes from Latin: et alia spoken-Yes Please see the report by Spencer et al.
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and so on from Latin: et cetera spoken-No - say "et cetera" The meeting covered the project schedule, budget, marketing plan etc.
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spoken-No - say "figure"
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spoken-No - say "forward"
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spoken-yes You'll need to talk to HR.
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that is come from Latin: id est spoken-No - say "namely" or "that is to say" We visited both the old and new capitals of Japan i.e. Kyoto and Tokyo.
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spoken-No - say "included" or "includes"
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spoken-Sometimes
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spoken-No - say "minimum" Min. cost: $200 per person
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spoken-No - say "miscellaneous" Responsibilities include misc. office tasks
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spoken-No - say "message" Caller: Dave from IT Msg: PC upgraded and new software installed
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not applicable/available used on forms when the requested information is not relevant also used when products are not available spoken-No - only used in writing Comes in three colours: - red - white - black n/a
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it is important to notice comes from Latin: nota bene spoken-No - say "note" We are open 7 days a week. N.B. Closed Christmas Day and New Year's Day
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spoken-No - say "number"
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spoken-No - say "page" or "pages" Turn to p. 7 for more information Marketing plan is on pp. 23 - 30
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per year comes from Latin: per annum spoken-No - say "per annum" or "per year" His salary is more than $1m p.a.
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学び始める
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spoken-No - say "please"
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spoken-Yes
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postscript used before a phrase added at the end of a letter or email spoken-No - only used in writing Regards, Peter p.s. I'll be back to work on the 5th.
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please turn over used at the bottom of a page to show there is something on the other side spoken-No - say "please turn over" or "please turn the page" For more information p.t.o.
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spoken-No - say "quantity" Item number: 3847c Qty. 6
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spoken-Yes He's been in R&D for about 7 years.
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spoken-Sometimes Call Morgan re Tuesday's appointment
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please reply comes from French: répondez s'il vous plaît spoken-Yes
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to be advised also TBC — to be confirmed spoken-No - say "to be confirmed" or "not yet confirmed" Meeting on Wednesday, but time is TBC
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spoken-No - say "versus" or "against" We watched Japan vs. Australia
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brush up (on) (their technique) 学び始める
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come around to (our side) 学び始める
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zmenit nazor (change opinion bcs someone has persuaded you)
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face up to (the consequences) 学び始める
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vyrovnat se s něčím (accept and try to deal with)
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