Translation Theory

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translation procedures
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Vinay & Darbelnet
Translation Semiotics
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de Saussure
Translation Shift
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Catford
Minimax
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Lévy
Laws of Translation
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Toury
(Procedure 1) Borrowing
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A word taken with its meaning from SL
(Procedure 2) Calque
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translating an expression, with each element trnsld directly into TL, introducing new structures
(Procedure 3) Literal translation
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Word for word
(Procedure 4) Transposition
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Changing word class while preserving meaning
(Procedure 5) Modulation
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Change in form when literal is unfitting (strange)
(Procedure 6) Equivalence
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change of style and structure, equivalent meaning
(Procedure 7) Adaptation
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Extreme change when concept is foreign to TL
Cohesion
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Relation between units
Coherence
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Relation of meanings
Situationality
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how utterances relate to situations
Informativity
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How the text inform of its contents (markedness)
Intentionality
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What is intended by the author
Acceptability
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How well can the text be appreciated by an average reader
Intertextuality
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How the text relates to other texts

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