DICK - wredny pan na gramatykę

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質問 English 答え English
The part of grammar that represents a speaker's knowlege of constructing phrases and sentences out of morphemes and words is
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SYNTAX
WORD ORDER is in other words
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STRUCTURE
every sentence is a sequence of word but
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not every sequence of words is a sentence
conform to the rules of syntax. there are
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well formed (grammatical) sequences of words
grammaticality is based on
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the fact: to be a sentence, wors must conform to specific patterns determined by syntactic rules of the language
grammaticality is not based on
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whether the sentence is meaningful or not
within a phrase, certain words are grouped together, structure in a sentence is the same but meaning can be different. it is called
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ambiguity (double meaning)
there are two types of ambiguity
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structural (form) and lexical (meaning of words)
the syntactic rules must account for
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1. the grammaticality of the sentence 2. word order 3. structural ambiguity 4. grammatical relations 5. whether different structures have different meanings 6. the creative aspects of language
constituent structure
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in every sentence, composed of constituents
constituent is
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certain grouping of words, hierarchically arranged parts
a syntactic category
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a family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality
diagram (tree) is called
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phrase structure tree
branches of trees are called
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syntactic labels
sentence is both
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1) linear string of words 2) hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrase
lexical categories are
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the lowest level of the consituent structure tree
what does every higher node with lower node? (node - branch of tree)
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dominates!
NP is called
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Noun Phrase, phrasal category
N is called
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Noun, lexical category
lexicon
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the total inventory of morphemes in a given language, vocabulary, knowledge of thousands of words and how to combine them
transitive verb (e.g. find)
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must be followed by an object!
transformational rule
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transforms syntactic structure. deletion, inserion an movement are instances of this rule
deep structure
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underlying meaning
surface structure
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different form but the same meaning: I killed him. He was killed by me.
long-distance relationship:
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1. subject-verb agreement (s in 3rd person singular) 2. wh sentences 3. passive voice
topicalization is
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moving the direct object to the beginning of the sentence

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