historical vocabulary

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emancypacja, wyzwolenie (np. kobiet, niewolników)
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emancipation
It granted property rights to peasants.
The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of the liberal reforms enacted during the reign (1855–1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire.
czynnik, odczynnik
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agent
a person or thing that produces a particular effect or change. An agent is also a chemical substance, organism, or natural force that produces a particular effect by its action.
Name four agents which contributed to the start of the battle. Many agents caused the spread of the epidemic in Europe. The teacher asked me to list five agents. He was the agent of their destruction.
okaz, osobnik, egzemplarz, próbka
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specimen
something shown or examined as an example; a typical example: epitome of
Museums will pay large amounts of money for good dinosaur fossil specimens. Astronauts brought back specimens of moon rock. He has a collection of rare insect specimens.
zwierzchnik feudalny
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suzerain
a country that partly controls another country, or the ruler of such a country
As the Transvaal’s suzerain power, it would have been England’s duty to try to avert bloodshed. The Hapsburgs were suzerains of the country, but they treated the inhabitants as free men.
przezorny, roztropny, bprzewidujący
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provident
providential, prudent
making arrangements for future needs, especially by saving money
przynależność
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affiliation
to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group, or organization:
You have to earn your affiliation in our club. Affiliation to this union means that you cannot conduct any business outside its boundaries.
wytapiać (wytapiać)
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smelt
to get a metal from rock by heating it to a very high temperature, or to melt objects made from metal in order to use the metal to make something new
przywłaszczenie; przyznanie, przeznaczenie (np. funduszy)
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appropriation
the act of taking something for your own use, usually without permission
Imperialism is no less than occupation, appropriation and subjugation. In 2008 an appropriation of EUR 285 million will be made to the common foreign and security policy. The author objected to the appropriation of his story by an amateur filmmaker.
prowincja, dziura (mała miejscowość), stojąca woda
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backwater
a part of a river where the water does not flow: a place that does not change because it is not influenced by new ideas or events that happen in other places
He grew up in a rural backwater. We tied the boat up in a quiet backwater overnight.
rozporządzenie
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ordinance
a law or rule made by a government or authority: City Ordinance 126 forbids the parking of cars in this area.
program partii politycznej
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agenda
political party program. a secret aim or reason for doing something:
She felt that some of the group had an agenda. There's no hidden agenda - I'm just trying to help.
prawomocność, moc prawną, zasadność, słuszność
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validity
Some experts questioned the validity of the president’s ideas.
monarchia ludowa
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popular monarchy
belgium
klinowy
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cuneiform
of a form of writing used for over 3,000 years until the 1st century BC in the ancient countries of Western Asia
Scholars were only just figuring out how to read cuneiform. Many of the early archaeologists were obsessed by the struggle to decipher cuneiform.
beneficjum (dożywotnie prawo do czerpania dochodów, związanych z piastowaniem danego urzędu kościelnego)
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benefice
burski, burowie
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the boer
the boer war
torf
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peat
a dark brown substance like soil that was formed by plants dying and becoming buried. It is sometimes added to ordinary garden soil to improve it and is sometimes used as fuel.
peat roofs on houses in Norway are a typical element of a local landscape which you may spot while touring the country.
samotniczy, pustelnik
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recluse
hermit
a person who lives alone and avoids going outside or talking to other people: He is a millionaire recluse who refuses to give interviews.
odciskać, wyciskać (odbicie); odbicie; zmusić do wojska
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impress
The impress of ink was visible through the page. She impressed her hands on the sand. She's left an impress of her lips on my mirror. He has to hide because they want to impress him.
bić monety, mennica; wymyśleć, stworzyć coś nowego
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mint
to produce something new, especially to invent a new phrase or word: something that is in mint condition looks or works almost like it is new:
We can't mint any more coins. The mint has released a set of special coins for this event. To get a good sale price, both the record and its cover should be in mint condition.
szydło
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awl
a pointed tool for making small holes in wood or leather
Needles and awls were highly polished and frequently heat-treated for added strength.
wrzeciono
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spindle
a part of a machine around which something turns, or a rod onto which thread is twisted when it is spun (= made by twisting)
nieupoważniony
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unauthorized
without someone's official permission to do something or be in a particular place:
Unauthorized personnel are not admitted beyond this point.
sklepienie (np. żebrowe); skarbiec, skrytka; krypta; SKOCZYĆ
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vault
a type of arch that supports a roof or ceiling, especially in a church or public building, or a ceiling or roof supported by several of these arches
The vault in the chamber is cracked. He was observing the vault of the heaven. She wants to see you tonight in the family vault. He vaulted over the fence
KROSNO, warsztat tkacki
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loom
stop metali
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alloy
a substance composed of two or more metals or of a metal and a nonmetal intimately united usually by being fused together and dissolving in each other when molten
an ethnic alloy of many peoples. a part made of aluminum alloy
ażur
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openwork
work constructed so as to show openings through its substance: work that is perforated or pierced
wrought-iron openwork
dworzanin
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courtier
a companion of a queen, king, or other ruler in their official home, especially in the past
Many of the courtiers were strongly wedded to traditional ways of doing things.
być przywiązanym do czegoś, oddanym sprawie
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be wedded to sth
My country is strongly wedded to the tradition of mountain hiking.
system żarowy (rolniczy system użytkownika roli)
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slash-and-burn farming / cultivation
Therefore, the role of slash-and-burn is significant in the current Holocene extinction.
naprzeciwko; jeśli chodzi o; w związku z
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vis-à-vis
in comparison with. in relation to
I need to speak to you vis-à-vis our project. What worries us is the competitive edge that foreign companies have vis-à-vis British firms.
zapora (ogniowa), ogień zaporowy, krzyżowy ogień pytań, lawina (np. krytyki, pytań)
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barrage
the action of continuously firing large guns to protect soldiers advancing on an enemy. a great number of complaints, criticisms, or questions suddenly directed at someone. a structure that is built across a river to provide water for farming
an artillery barrage. The TV station has received a barrage of complaints about the amount of violence in the series. The proposed tidal barrage would generate enough electricity to supply 80,000 homes.
zawieszenie broni
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armistice
a formal agreement between two countries or groups at war to stop fighting for a particular time, especially to talk about possible peace: truce
A two-week armistice has been declared between the rival factions.
nakaz (np. sumienia, rozumu); dyktować, dyktat, rozkaz
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dictate
I felt it more as a dictate than an actual order. I wasn't asking, it was a dictate.
kapral
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corporal
wylot lufy, kaganiec, pysk zwierzęcia
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muzzle
the mouth and nose of an animal, especially a dog. a covering put over an animal's nose and mouth in order to prevent it from biting. the end of a gun barrel, where the bullets come out:
The dog is white with a black muzzle and ears. He rubbed the muzzle of a horse when it nosed up to him. Aggressive breeds must wear muzzles when they are taken off their owners' properties. Always point the muzzle in a safe direction.
ewentualność, nieprzewidziany wypadek
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contingency (plan)
something that might possibly happen in the future, usually causing problems or making further arrangements necessary. eventuality
You must be able to deal with all possible contingencies. Have you made any contingency plans?
hoża, dorodna (o kobiecej piersi)
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buxom
(of a woman) healthy-looking and slightly fat, with large breasts
gwałtowność, pasja
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vehemence
the forceful expression of strong feelings
She argued with such vehemence against the proposal that they decided to abandon it. "No!" she said with sudden vehemence. Despite vehement opposition from his family, he quit school and became an actor.
rycerski romans
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chivalric romance
drobny właściciel ziemski (rolnik w Wielkiej Brytanii posiadający własną ziemię); "wojak"
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yeoman
a person who owns and cultivates a small farm specifically: one belonging to a class of English freeholders below the gentry
I knew enough to position myself at the back, next to another yeoman
torować drogę dla, umożliwić coś
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pave the way for
to make it possible or easier for something or someone to follow
Data from the space flight should pave the way for a more detailed exploration of Mars.
przeciwnie, niekorzystnie, wrogo, szkodliwie
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adversley
in a way that has a negative or harmful effect:
A lot of companies have been adversely affected by the recession. The film was never meant to reflect adversely on the small city where it was made.
ordalia (procesy sądowe, w których o winie lub niewinności miały decydować tzw. próby boże)
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trial by ordeal
trial by fire
niepełnoletność
mniejszość
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minority
The shopping assistant didn't sell him the beer, because of his minority.
główna droga, arteria
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artery
The city's main water artery goes under this street.
dziewica, panna (literacko)
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damsel
shirtless vikings carrying damsels up the castle stairs
dziwna wojna (Francji i Anglii z Niemcami na początku II wojny światowej)
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the Phoney war
This was during the phoney war, before the fighting on land and air had begun.
analiza zdarzenia post factum, perspektywa czasowa, spóźniony refleks, mądrość po fakcie
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hindsight
Such an examination, with the benefit of hindsight, is very instructive. This is an opportunity that we should be supporting, not just reacting to in hindsight.
patrycjusz
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patrician
plebejski
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plebeian
My name, at present, is a very usual and rather plebeian one - Simpson.
janczar
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janissary
służba konsularna
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consular services
For information about other consular services to Americans abroad go to our home page
rycerz biorący udział w walce na kopie, uczestnik turnieju
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jouster
joust with someone. verbal joust
przewrócić do góry dnem
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capsize
What would you have done if the boat had capsized?
w historii (w dotychczasowych rejestrach); oficjalnie
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on record
She has announced on the record that no money was stolen. He is also the first person on record to describe the midnight sun
rozpowszechnienie, rozpropagowanie, ogłoszenie, obwieszczenie
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promulgation
the process of spreading beliefs or ideas among a lot of people: the public announcement of something, especially a new law
He defended the promulgation of alternative viewpoints. People should have a right to use the public airwaves for the promulgation of ideas. The Secretary is authorized to take actions that include the promulgation of rules and regulations.
międzywojenie
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interbellum
Kartagina
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Carthage
kordelas🗡️
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cutlass
Spór o inwestyturę, Investiturstriden
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investiture controversy
mistrz stajni/główny stajenny
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stable master/head groom
forma schronienia wykorzystywana przez rzymską armię do ochrony przed atakiem z góry, żółw
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testudo
potrafiący liczyć
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numerate
You will know how to work within a budget, be numerate and have good computing skills.
sztuka rządzenia państwem
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statecraft
At any rate, it was simply statecraft on my part. She had a way with all men, and was gaining in statecraft each day.
zwierzchnictwo
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overlordship
supremacy
When his brother Oswald was killed in 642, the overlordship died with him.
środki utrzymania, środki do życia
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livelihood
(the way someone earns) the money people need to pay for food, a place to live, clothing, etc
Many ship workers could lose their livelihoods because of falling orders for new ships. That farm is his livelihood.
sytuacja, w której nie wiadomo, co stanowi przyczynę, a co skutek
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a chicken and egg situation
a situation in which it is impossible to say which of two things existed first and which caused the other one
This being the case, what we have is a chicken and egg situation, in which the chicken is probably political and the egg is probably economic.
diadem
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diadem
a small crown (= a circular decoration for the head) with jewels in it
bagatelizować, umniejszać
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understate
to describe something in a way that makes it seem less important, serious, bad, etc. than it really is:
She believes the research understates the amount of discrimination women suffer.
droga zaopatrzeniowa
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supply route
bulla papieska
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papal bull
You see that sort of handwriting in medieval papal bulls.
łokieć (miara długości)
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ell
cubit - odległości
114 centimetres
tkanina tkana ręcznie; prosty, zwyczajny (wyznania)
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homespun
(of beliefs, theories, etc.) simple and ordinary:
homespun philosophy/wisdom. A short middle-aged man in brown homespun had opened the door.
umbo
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shield boss
taktyka spalonej ziemi,
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scorched-earth
Our own political experts sensed a scorched-earth strategy emerging on the Right.

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