→ Descriptive Grammar →学習を始める /ダウンロードMP3フラッシュカード

質問		答え
nouns podzial 学び始める		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca 学び始める		classifiers
verbs podzial 学び始める		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants 学び始める		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs 学び始める		one participant - john is running
monotransutive 学び始める		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive 学び始める		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem 学び始める		copular
appear 学び始める		copular
sound 学び始める		copular
turn 学び始める		copular
look 学び始める		copular
smell 学び始める		copular
taste 学び始める		copular
feel 学び始める		copular
get 学び始める		copukar
complex transitive verbs 学び始める		mary considers john an imposter
believe 学び始める		complex transit
consider 学び始める		complex transit
find 学び始める		complex transit
judge 学び始める		complex transit
keep 学び始める		comlex transit
think 学び始める		complex transit
know 学び始める		complex transit
presume 学び始める		complex teansit
presume 学び始める		complex transit
many 学び始める		det
all 学び始める		det
that 学び始める		sub
verbs podzial 学び始める		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following 学び始める		adj
podzial czasownikow 学び始める		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować 学び始める		revise
konczyc 学び始める		terminate
wytlumaczyc 学び始める		account for
at home 学び始める		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time 学び始める		prepositional phrase
with me 学び始める		prepositional phrase
at home 学び始める		prepositional phrase
word classes ile 学び始める		8
words podzial 学び始める		content, function
concent words 学び始める		lexical morphemes
function words 学び始める		grammatical morphemes
noncount 学び始める		masscount
nouns podzial 学び始める		concrete, abstract, collective
several 学び始める		determiner
which 学び始める		determiner
whose 学び始める		determiner
degree words 学び始める		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje 学び始める		attributive, predicative
lexical verb 学び始める		main verb
paradigm 学び始める		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie 学び始める		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola 学び始める		they determine the noun phrase
reference 学び始める		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference 学び始める		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział 学び始める		spacial, temporal
coordinators 学び始める		join the elements of the same status
subordinator 学び始める		introduct clauses
subordinator 学び始める		introduct clauses
subordinator 学び始める		introduct clauses
clause 学び始める		full grammatical unit
too 学び始める		degree word
most 学び始める		degree word
need 学び始める		auxiliary
whatever 学び始める		determiner
lexicon 学び始める		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka 学び始める		also known as
word class 学び始める		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution 学び始める		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy 学び始める		arbitrary
jednostka 学び始める		entity
zewnetrzny 学び始める		external
classifiers 学び始める		unit nouns
verbs odmiana 学び始める		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly 学び始める		degree modifier
very 学び始める		degree modifier
three years 学び始める		measure phrase
predictive adjectives 学び始める		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca 学び始める		traitor
her 学び始める		determiner
hers 学び始める		pronoun
inflwction 学び始める		adjusting to the context
derivation 学び始める		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root 学び始める		carries the lexical information
interfix 学び始める		goes in between(o)
infix 学び始める		inside a single lexem
circumfix 学び始める		en
3 types of compounds 学び始める		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional 学び始める		both elements have equal status
exocentric 学び始める		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric 学び始める		1 element describes the other
conversion 学び始める		lexical recategorisation
back-formation 学び始める		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication 学び始める		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping 学び始める		cutting the part of the word
blending 学び始める		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization 学び始める		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification 学び始める		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another 学び始める		pronoun
morphology 学び始める		deals with internal structure of words
morphem 学び始める		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes 学び始める		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words 学び始める		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes 学び始める		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes 学び始める		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix 学び始める		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes 学び始める		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding 学び始める		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend 学び始める		appositional
woman dictor 学び始める		appositional
woman doctor 学び始める		appositional
sleepwalk 学び始める		appositional
tennis shoe 学び始める		endocentric
kitchen chair 学び始める		endocentric
sit-in 学び始める		exocentric
pickpocket 学び始める		exocentric
redhead 学び始める		exocentric
borrowings 学び始める		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many 学び始める		specifier
our 学び始める		specifier
so 学び始める		specifier
too 学び始める		specifier
right 学び始める		specifier
quite 学び始める		specifier
just 学び始める		specifier
word form 学び始める		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head 学び始める		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric 学び始める		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N 学び始める		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v 学び始める		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests 学び始める		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom 学び始める		volume
argument structure 学び始める		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot 学び始める		subject
orzeczenie 学び始める		predicate
agent restructions 学び始める		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was 学び始める		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was 学び始める		x - patient, theme
causative alternation 学び始める		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation 学び始める		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop 学び始める		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation 学び始める		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation 学び始める		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation 学び始める		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation 学び始める		this book reads well
adding goal pp 学び始める		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation 学び始める		john shaves in the morning
agent 学び始める		animate initiator
force 学び始める		inanimate cause of an action
instrument 学び始める		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer 学び始める		the animate being affected inwardly
source 学び始める		the place from which an action emnate
goal 学び始める		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path 学び始める		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location 学び始める		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor 学び始める		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession 学び始める		Judy’s head
alienable possession 学び始める		judys car
benefactive 学び始める		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive 学び始める		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient 学び始める		a person or thing affected by an action
patient 学び始める		undergoes a change
theme 学び始める		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral 学び始める		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range 学び始める		specification/limitatiin of an action
role 学び始める		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object 学び始める		who what
indirect object 学び始める		to whom for whom
case frame 学び始める		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates 学び始める		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments 学び始める		the participants
testing dynamism 学び始める		ing
testing durativity 学び始める		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity 学び始める		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject 学び始める		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect 学び始める		patient/theme
passivisation 学び始める		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: 学び始める		follow, precede
the double object construction forces 学び始める		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations 学び始める		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences 学び始める		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o 学び始める		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie 学び始める		Still waters run deep
i think 学び始める		state
przeslanka, zlozenje 学び始める		premise
I will 学び始める		premise
I am 学び始める		intention
i’m going to 学び始める		strong intention
will you be going 学び始める		asking about plans
will you go 学び始める		request
I was meeting 学び始める		the meeting started before
i have been very busy 学び始める		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped 学び始める		in the past
I was hoping 学び始める		polite expression
has been placing 学び始める		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits 学び始める		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits 学び始める		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning 学び始める		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning 学び始める		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday 学び始める		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for 学び始める		repeated action
where did steve go for 学び始める		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax 学び始める		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause 学び始める		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse 学び始める		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale 学び始める		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause 学び始める		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause 学び始める		clause within a main clause
that 学び始める		conjunction/subordinator
sentence 学び始める		independent unit of syntax
clause 学び始める		may be dependent/independent
finite verb 学び始める		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always 学び始める		finite
subordinate clauses 学び始める		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms 学び始める		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses 学び始める		always finite
modal auxiliaries 学び始める		finite verb forms
that clauses 学び始める		always finite
bare infinitive 学び始める		non-finite verb form
present participle 学び始める		non-finite verb form
past participle 学び始める		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive 学び始める		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type 学び始める		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen 学び始める		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences 学び始める		finite
exclamative sentence 学び始める		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form 学び始める		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions 学び始める		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object 学び始める		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object 学び始める		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject 学び始める		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject 学び始める		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses 学び始める		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses 学び始める		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject 学び始める		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct 学び始める		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word 学び始める		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject 学び始める		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj 学び始める		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject 学び始める		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject 学び始める		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct 学び始める		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi 学び始める		cab
ing participle as adjunct 学び始める		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen 学び始める		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb 学び始める		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen 学び始める		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie 学び始める		suffocate
function of claused complement of n 学び始める		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP 学び始める		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p 学び始める		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts 学び始める		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) 学び始める		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts 学び始める		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses 学び始める		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses 学び始める		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses 学び始める		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary 学び始める		clause as subject/ complement
that required 学び始める		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: 学び始める		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl 学び始める		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers 学び始める		always obligatory!!!
if introduces 学び始める		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces 学び始める		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry 学び始める		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech 学び始める		words
or, and, but = parts of speech 学び始める		coordinators
that if part of speech 学び始める		subordinator
your time is up 学び始める		A
the balloons rose up to the sky 学び始める		Adv
they live just up the street from us 学び始める		P
the dog tore up the slipper 学び始める		prt
major word classes 学び始める		lexical categories
minor word classes 学び始める		functional cat
kostka masla 学び始める		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun 学び始める		a heap of books
copular verbs 学び始める		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet 学び始める		comolex transitive
participants 学び始める		arguments
verbs 学び始める		predicators
adjectives 学び始める		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade 学び始める		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe 学び始める		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly 学び始める		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years 学び始める		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely 学び始める		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs 学び始める		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries 学び始める		have, be
dummy auxiliary 学び始める		do
this/ that 学び始める		demonstratives
determiners 学び始める		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her 学び始める		determiner
hers 学び始める		pronoun
indefinite reference 学び始める		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner 学び始める		P
come roumd with some fresh air 学び始める		adv
idle 学び始める		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives 学び始める		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete 学び始める		personality- a personality
mass to count 学び始める		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass 学び始める		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed 学び始める		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes 学び始める		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph 学び始める		free morph bound morph
free morph 学び始める		root
affix 学び始める		always a bound root
derivational affix 学び始める		prefix/ suffix
simple word 学び始める		1 free root
complex word 学び始める		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word 学び始める		2 free roots
compound - complex 学び始める		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation 学び始める		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion 学び始める		functional shift
functional shift 学び始める		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots 学び始める		compound
root creation 学び始める		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix 学び始める		un, mis, over
suffix 学び始める		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix 学び始める		gramophone
infix 学び始める		kangabloodyroo
circumfix 学び始める		enliven
compouding 学び始める		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp 学び始める		kitchen chair
exocentric compound 学び始める		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund 学び始める		woman doctor
conversion 学び始める		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping 学び始める		fridge
blending 学び始める		workoholic
acronymization 学び始める		VIP
internal modification 学び始める		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings 学び始める		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng 学び始める		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo 学び始める		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc 学び始める		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses 学び始める		agent
what y did to x 学び始める		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film 学び始める		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table 学び始める		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris 学び始める		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning 学び始める		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily 学び始める		middle alternation
the situation types differ in 学び始める		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test 学び始める		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive 学び始める		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test 学び始める		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee 学び始める		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice 学び始める		telic
she ate rice 学び始める		atelic
telicy test 学び始める		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test 学び始める		in ten minutes
atelic situation test 学び始める		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure 学び始める		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes 学び始める		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes 学び始める		telic
twierdzic 学び始める		to assert
* i think about my work now 学び始める		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events 学び始める		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying 学び始める		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct 学び始める		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct 学び始める		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct 学び始める		in a rush
pp as adjunct 学び始める		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door 学び始める		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack 学び始める		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions 学び始める		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives 学び始める		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns 学び始める		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs 学び始める		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement 学び始める		william blushed
complements of verb 学び始める		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs 学び始める		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy 学び始める		about/with
np adjunct 学び始める		this week
pp adjunct 学び始める		in the park
ap adjunct 学び始める		very long
np complement 学び始める		read(a book)
pp complement 学び始める		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement 学び始める		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts 学び始める		specifiers
head alone 学び始める		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence 学び始める		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo 学び始める		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo 学び始める		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent 学び始める		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents 学び始める		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? 学び始める		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like 学び始める		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will 学び始める		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet 学び始める		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy 学び始める		heavy np shift
the x’schema 学び始める		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules 学び始める		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules 学び始める		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category 学び始める		the head of the structure
general schems 学び始める		X‘ schema
X 学び始める		head
YP 学び始める		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ 学び始める		intermediate projection
RP 学び始める		adjunct
ZP 学び始める		specifier
X‘ 学び始める		intermediate structure
english-head initial language 学び始める		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb 学び始める		object
*louise abandonedd 学び始める		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase 学び始める		specifier
complete phrase 学び始める		a maximal projection of the head
specifier 学び始める		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence 学び始める		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as 学び始める		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric 学び始める		they r built around the head successively
head 学び始める		the minimal projection
complements 学び始める		expand x into x’
adjuncts 学び始める		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers 学び始める		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine 学び始める		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np 学び始める		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp 学び始める		and nor will jay
the new teacher did 学び始める		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = 学び始める		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge 学び始める		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation 学び始める		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation 学び始める		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will 学び始める		topicalistion
postponing 学び始める		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent 学び始める		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps 学び始める		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting 学び始める		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile 学び始める		no part of vp possible
coordinators 学び始める		conjunctions
coordination 学び始める		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination 学び始める		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy 学び始める		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves 学び始める		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden 学び始める		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams 学び始める		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests 学び始める		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests 学び始める		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify 学び始める		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants 学び始める		predicate
1 place predicate 学び始める		Frank is irish
2 place predicate 学び始める		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate 学び始める		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate 学び始める		0 place predicates
semantic notions 学び始める		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions 学び始める		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez 学び始める		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond 学び始める		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy 学び始める		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious 学び始める		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at 学び始める		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan 学び始める		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated 学び始める		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates 学び始める		John is envious
prepositions as predicates 学び始める		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol 学び始める		location
people filled the room 学び始める		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair 学び始める		possessor
coach 学び始める		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin 学び始める		factirive
the chicken was baked by me 学び始める		patient
it costs a hundred dollars 学び始める		range
it weights 80 kilograms 学び始める		range
hum 学び始める		nucić
he hummed a silly tune 学び始める		range
he lived out his life happily 学び始める		range
lexical representation of predicates 学び始める		argument structure
weather predications 学び始める		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation 学び始める		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme 学び始める		semantic selection
experiencer 学び始める		encodes animate being
sentient 学び始める		czujący
* john envies 学び始める		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary 学び始める		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary 学び始める		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc 学び始める		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf 学び始める		source
his leaving pleases me 学び始める		source
the sun gives off heat 学び始める		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly 学び始める		source
i walked upstairs 学び始める		goal
she did it for love 学び始める		goal
path 学び始める		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks 学び始める		via
specifier 学び始める		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier 学び始める		determiner
* this the book 学び始める		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers 学び始める		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility 学び始める		so, rather
so, rather 学び始める		det
utterly as adjunct 学び始める		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong 学び始める		so- specifier of pp
right 学び始める		determiner
specifier 学び始める		precedes x’ in english
not 学び始める		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses 学び始める		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners 学び始める		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP 学び始める		a/some/out/this
spec in vp 学び始める		negation
specifier in ap 学び始める		too, how, so
spec in advp 学び始める		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp 学び始める		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause 学び始める		NP
specifoer in clause 学び始める		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause 学び始める		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause 学び始める		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier 学び始める		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause 学び始める		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause 学び始める		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage 学び始める		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late 学び始める		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T 学び始める		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase 学び始める		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure 学び始める		x, x’, x’’
never 学び始める		spec of vp
spec of ap 学び始める		HOW nice
a juvenile 学び始める		nieletni
a private 学び始める		szeregowy
a natural 学び始める		naturszczyk
a daily 学び始める		dziennik
herd 学び始める		tłum, stado
your time is up 学び始める		A
the balloons rose up to the sky 学び始める		adv
the dog tore up the slipper 学び始める		prt
they live just up the street from us 学び始める		adv
would you write your adress down for me 学び始める		prt
he ran down the stairs 学び始める		P
he looked down because he was embarassed 学び始める		adv
dummy auxiliary 学び始める		do
primary auxiliaries 学び始める		have, be
vis 学び始める		potęga, siła
monotheism root 学び始める		THE
syntactic pattern 学び始める		V+ N+ er>N
hover 学び始める		unosic sie
pług 学び始める		plow
drip 学び始める		kapać
clean-cut 学び始める		wyrazisty
badmouth 学び始める		obgadywac
cranapple 学び始める		semantically opaque
neologizm 学び始める		literary coinage
canary od canary islands 学び始める		commonization
split adjective 学び始める		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests 学び始める		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns 学び始める		determiners
idles 学び始める		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled 学び始める		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation 学び始める		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete 学び始める		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation 学び始める		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation 学び始める		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion 学び始める		einstain -> an einstein
constituent 学び始める		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics 学び始める		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax 学び始める		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband 学び始める		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously 学び始める		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP 学び始める		completely dry
different types of words 学び始める		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec 学び始める		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy 学び始める		gerund
yourself 学び始める		pronoun
another 学び始める		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend 学び始める		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila 学び始める		vis
invisibly root 学び始める		vis
what 学び始める		PRONOUN
so 学び始める		CONJUNCTION
declarative 学び始める		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative 学び始める		question
imperative 学び始める		directive
exclamative 学び始める		exclamation
aspect 学び始める		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction 学び始める		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis 学び始める		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form 学び始める		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other 学び始める		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction 学び始める		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this 学び始める		clausal prp-form
it 学び始める		clausal proform
topicalization 学び始める		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation 学び始める		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive 学び始める		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion 学び始める		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization 学び始める		10 years we lived there
focalization 学び始める		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft 学び始める		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft 学び始める		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right 学び始める		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation 学び始める		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation 学び始める		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation 学び始める		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift 学び始める		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np 学び始める		long/complex np
extraposition feom np 学び始める		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np 学び始める		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np 学び始める		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition 学び始める		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition 学び始める		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions 学び始める		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions 学び始める		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition 学び始める		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause 学び始める		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion 学び始める		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion 学び始める		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion 学び始める		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction 学び始める		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion 学び始める		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion 学び始める		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction 学び始める		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate 学び始める		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion 学び始める		definite nps impossible
reduction 学び始める		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction 学び始める		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction 学び始める		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction 学び始める		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction 学び始める		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence 学び始める		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence 学び始める		new info, comment
topic 学び始める		what an uterrance is about
comment 学び始める		what is said about the topic
contrast 学び始める		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by 学び始める		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting 学び始める		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation 学び始める		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation 学び始める		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation 学び始める		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence 学び始める		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft 学び始める		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive 学び始める		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np 学び始める		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order 学び始める		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context 学び始める		contrast, givenness/newness
given information 学び始める		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information 学び始める		focal information
new information 学び始める		focus/focal information
new information 学び始める		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure 学び始める		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice 学び始める		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice 学び始める		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik 学び始める		counterpart
zrozumienie 学び始める		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft 学び始める		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop 学び始める		drink
Dative construction 学び始める		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation 学び始める		bring
benefactive alternation 学び始める		buy
middle alternation 学び始める		cut
causative/inochative 学び始める		melt
locative alternation 学び始める		locative
locative alternation 学び始める		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic 学び始める		incompatible
elapse 学び始める		upływać (time)
i think...... is... 学び始める		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now 学び始める		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table 学び始める		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying 学び始める		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... 学び始める		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements 学び始める		beavers build dams
timeless statements 学び始める		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) 学び始める		haste makes waste
plot summary 学び始める		Hamlet dies...
future statement 学び始める		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary 学び始める		he shoots. he scores
reporting info 学び始める		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs 学び始める		tap, kick, flash
copula v 学び始める		remain
ditransitive 学び始める		ask
prepositional verb 学び始める		look after
shifts in meaning -passive 学び始める		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning 学び始める		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive 学び始める		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old 学び始める		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin 学び始める		lexical entry
direct object 学び始める		np/clause
license purpose clauses 学び始める		only agent
complementizers - finite 学び始める		that, wherher
complementizers non finite 学び始める		for

descriptive grammar

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